Ubuchopho bungabonakala kalula njengesitho esibaluleke kakhulu kumuntu, ngoba yiso esibhekele ukwenza yonke imisebenzi ebalulekile edingekayo, hhayi nje ukuya phambili kuphela, kodwa futhi nokuba khona. Ngobuchopho bethu asicabangi nje kuphela, kepha silawula nezenzo esizenzayo. Into elula njengokuphefumula, ukuhamba, noma ukuphakamisa izandla Kungaba yisampula yokubaluleka kwengqondo yethu, ngoba ngaphandle kwayo, akukho nokukodwa kwalokho ebesingakwenza nganoma iyiphi indlela.
Uma sikhuluma ngobuchopho, singacabanga ngama-synapses aqhubekayo enza lesi sitho; kuma-neurons asivumela ukuthi sicabange futhi senze imisebenzi, noma ngabe ilula noma iyinkimbinkimbi.
Kodwa-ke, ezikhathini eziningi singathanda ukwazi izinto ezimbalwa ngokusebenza kwayo, nangazo zonke lezo zinto ezibalulekile, ezingaphakathi kwawo, ezivumela lo msebenzi ukuthi uqhubeke. I- izinzwa cranialIsibonelo, zigcwalisa umsebenzi obalulekile wezinzwa ngaphakathi kobuchopho, futhi ziluchungechunge lwezinzwa ezivela engxenyeni engezansi yobuchopho futhi ziqhubeke ziye entanyeni nasesiswini. Kulokhu okuthunyelwe sizongena ebuchosheni bese sithola imisebenzi eyenziwa yizinzwa ngaphakathi kuyo.
Ayini lamabili?
Izinzwa ze-cranial, ezaziwa nangokuthi izinzwa ze-cranial, ziyizichungechunge zezinzwa eziyishumi nambili ezishiya ubuchopho ezingeni lobuchopho, futhi zitholakala kwasatshalaliswa ekhanda; Singabathola ezansi kogebhezi, intamo, isiqu nesifuba.
I-International Anatomical Nomenclature inikeze i-nerve terminal incazelo ye-cranial nerve, yize i-atrophic ebantwini, futhi ihlobene kakhulu nohlelo lwe-olfactory.
Izinzwa ze-cranial zinemvelaphi ebonakalayo, ebhekisa endaweni lapho inzwa ishiya khona noma ingena ebuchosheni. Imvelaphi yabo yangempela yehlukile ngokomsebenzi abawufezayo emzimbeni; imicu yezinzwa ze-cranial enomsebenzi wezimoto inephuzu elivela kulo emaqenjini amaseli atholakala engxenyeni ejulile ye-brainstem, futhi a-homologous kumaseli ophondo lwangaphakathi lomgogodla.
Imicu yezinzwa ze-cranial ezenza imisebenzi yezinzwa noma yezinzwa inamaseli ayo avela ngaphandle kwe-brainstem. Imvamisa ku-ganglia e-homologous kulabo bezimpande zomgogodla zemizwa yomgogodla.
Izici zezinzwa ze-cranial
Kunezici eziningi lezi zinzwa ezingabelana ngazo emzimbeni womuntu. Kodwa-ke, isici esithandeka kakhulu abasabelana ngaso, futhi lokho kubenza bahluke futhi bakhetheke, iqiniso lokuthi zivela ngqo ebuchosheni, zidlula umgogodla. Okusho ukuthi, lezi zinzwa zisuka engxenyeni engezansi yobuchopho, zidlula emigodini etholakala phansi kogebhezi ukufinyelela lapho ziya khona. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi lezi zinzwa azihambi nje kuphela ezindaweni ezinjengekhanda, kodwa futhi Futhi zigcina ngokuqondiswa ezingxenyeni ezifana nentamo noma indawo yesifuba nesisu.
Ngale ndlela singasho ukuthi izinzwa ze-cranial yakha leyo ngxenye yesistimu yezinzwa ehlobanisa ubuchopho nezakhiwo ze-cranial nezomlomo wesibeletho. Zonke ezinye izinzwa ezithintekayo nezisebenza kahle zohlelo lwe-Central Nervous System zenziwa ngemithambo yomgogodla.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwemizwa ye-cranial
Uma sikhuluma ngezinzwa ze-cranial singasho ukuthi zihlukaniswe ngazimbili, ngoba lapho kushiya i-hemisphere yangakwesokudla yobuchopho, kuzoba nenye inzwa ye-cranial ezoshiya i-hemisphere elungile, ngokulingana.
Sizofika nini ahlukanisa izinzwa ze-cranial kumele siziqoqe noma sizihlukanise ngokwezindlela ezimbili ezaziwayo. Lezi yilezi: indawo abaqala kuyo nomsebenzi abawufezayo.
Ngokwesikhundla sakho
Izinzwa ze-cranial zihlala zinezinombolo ezihambisanayo zaseRoma, njengoba kuyindlela ebekwa ngayo yi-International Anatomical Nomenclature. Lezi zinombolo zisukela ku-1 ziye ku-12, ezihambisanayo, esimweni ngasinye, kubhangqwana okukhulunywa ngabo.
Izinzwa ze-cranial ezivela:
- Ngaphezulu kwe-brainstem baziwa njenge-pair I ne-pair II.
- Kusukela ebuchosheni obumbili kungamabhangqa III no IV.
- Kusuka eBrainstem Bridge (noma eVarolio Bridge) zaziwa njengezinzwa ze-cranial V, VI, VII neVIII.
- Kusuka eMedulla oblongata, babizwa ngababili u-IX, X, XI kanye no-XII.
Ngokomsebenzi wayo
- Lapho ziyingxenye yomsebenzi wezinzwa, zenziwa izinzwa ze-cranial I, II ne-VIII.
- Uma kuhlotshaniswa nokuhamba kwamehlo namajwabu amehlo: III, IV no-VI.
- Lapho benenjabulo ngokuvuselelwa kwemisipha yezingxenye zentamo nolimi: izinzwa ze-cranial XI neXII.
- Lezo ezibhekwa nomsebenzi oxubile: ngazimbili V, VII, IX kanye no-X.
- Lapho zisebenza njengemicu yomsebenzi we-parasympathetic: III, VII, IX no-X.
Izinhlobo zezinzwa ze-cranial nokuthi zenzani
Izinzwa ze-cranial zinomsebenzi othile futhi singazithola zisebenza futhi zisebenza ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zomzimba. Azikhawulelwanga ekhanda nasentanyeni kuphela, kepha ziyaqhubeka nokusebenza ngisho nangaphansi. Nalu uhlu lwezinzwa ze-cranial, ukuthi zenzani, nokuthi zitholakala kuphi.
Isisindo se-Olfactory:
Kuyinto inzwa yezinzwa, enesibopho sokudlulisa i- isikhuthazi olfactory kusukela ekhaleni kuya ebuchosheni. Imvelaphi yayo yangempela inikezwa ngamaseli ama-olfactory bulbs. Kuyi-nerve ye-cranial I futhi kubhekwa njengenzwa emfushane kunazo zonke.
Imizwa ye-optic:
Lokhu, njengoba ungacabanga, yinzwa ebhekene nokuqondisa izinto ezisuka esweni ziye ebuchosheni. Yenziwe ngama-axon we amangqamuzana e-retinal ganglion, futhi baphathe imininingwane kuma-photoreceptor ebuchosheni. Kusuka ku-diecephalon futhi kufana ne-cranial nerve II.
Isisindo se-Oculomotor
Lo mbhangqwana we-cranial uphethe ukunyakaza kwamehlo; kubuye kubhekane nosayizi womfundi. Isuka ebuchosheni obuphakathi futhi ihambelana ne-cranial nerve III.
Imizwa ye-Trochlear
Kuyinzwa enemisebenzi yezimoto neye-somatic, futhi ixhunywe emsipheni ophakeme we-oblique weso, okwenza ukuthi ijikeleze noma iphume kunhlamvu yeso. I-nucleus iqala, njengakuqala, ebangeni eliphakathi, y ihambisana nepheya IV.
Isisindo se-trigeminal
Kuyi-nerve enkulu kunazo zonke phakathi kwezinzwa ze-cranial, futhi isebenza ngokuningiliziwe (izinzwa, imoto kanye nezinzwa). Umsebenzi wawo ukuletha imininingwane ebucayi ebusweni, ukuqhuba imininingwane evela kwimisipha yokuhluza, qinisa i-eardrum, phakathi kweminye imisebenzi. Ngababili uV.
I-Abducens nerve
Le nerve ye-cranial ixhunywe esweni futhi inesibopho sokudlulisa izinto ezishukumisayo kwimisipha yangaphandle yeso. Ngale ndlela iso lingahambela kolunye uhlangothi lwe lapho sinekhala khona. Ihambisana nepheya VI.
Imizwa yobuso
Lezi zithandani nazo zithathwa njengezihlanganisiwe. Uphethe yena thumela izikhuthazi ezahlukahlukene ebusweni ukuze, ngale ndlela, ukwazi ukukhiqiza nokwakha ukubukeka kobuso. Iphinde ithumele amasignali kuzindlala ezihluzayo nezingamathe. Ihambisana nombhangqwana VII.
I-Vestibulocochlear nerve
Kuyaziwa nangokuthi i-cranial nerve ye-auditory and vestibular nerve, ngaleyo ndlela yakha i-vestibulocochlear. Inesibopho sokulinganisa nokuma esikhaleni, kanye nomsebenzi wokuzwa. I-cranial nerve yayo yi-VIII.
Isisindo se-Glossopharyngeal
Umthelela wale nzwa ihlala kupharynx nasolimini. Ithola imininingwane kusuka kumafutha wokunambitha kanye nemininingwane yezinzwa evela ku-pharynx. Ngasikhathi sinye iqhuba imiyalo eya kwizindlala zamathe nasentanyeni, yenza lula isenzo sokugwinya nokugwinya. Ihambisana ne-cranial nerve IX.
Imizwa ye-Vagus
Le nerve yaziwa nangokuthi i-pneumogastric. Kusuka ku-medulla oblongata futhi kuvikela i-pharynx, i-esophagus, i-larynx, i-trachea, i-bronchi, inhliziyo, isisu nesibindi.
Njengenzwa yangaphakathi, inomthelela esenzweni sokugwinya kepha nakulokho okubhekisela ekuthumeleni nasekuhambiseni amasiginali ohlelweni lwethu lokuzimela, futhi kungasiza nakulokho isho ukulawulwa kokusebenza kwethu futhi sikwazi ukulawula amazinga okuxineka, noma ukuthumela amasiginali ngqo ohlelweni lwethu lozwelo, nalokhu, nakwi-viscera yethu. I-cranial nerve yayo yi-X.
Imizwa yokufinyelela
Kuyaziwa njengenye ye- i- "purest". Kuyinto yomgogodla kanye ne-motor nerve. Ibeka i-sternocleidomastoid ngaphakathi, ngaleyo ndlela ibangele ukuthi intambo ijikele kolunye uhlangothi, ngenkathi itshekisela ikhanda eceleni. Le nzwa futhi isivumela ukuthi siphonse ikhanda emuva, ngakho-ke singasho ukuthi liyangenelela ekuhambeni kwentamo namahlombe. I-cranial nerve yayo yi-XI.
Isisindo se-Hypoglossal
Kuyi-motor nerve, futhi njenge-vagus ne-glossopharyngeal nerve, ibandakanyeka esenzweni sokugwinya nasemisipheni yolimi.