Izixazululo kumakhemikhali zivame ukuba kanambambili, lokhu kusho ukuthi zakhiwe ngezinto ezimbili, i-solute ne-solvent, esinye kube yisixazululo sokuncibilika kanti esinye yisici se-solvent.
Ngokuya ngalokhu, lezi zingahlukaniswa zibe yizinhlobo ezimbili, okuyizinto ezinenani futhi ezinamandla, okwakamuva kube yilezo lapho inani le-solute ne-solvent okungaba nakho kunganakwa.
Imvamisa kuzixazululo ezinamandla ama-solute kanye nama-solvents ahlobene, ngoba lokhu kungashintsha kalula ngamanani, uma sinesixazululo esinamanani afanayo azo zombili izinto, elinye lamagama angabelwa ngalinye.
Liyini ikhambi?
Ukuze wazi kahle isikhathi sezixazululo ezinamandla, kuyadingeka ukwazi ukuthi yisixazululo, esichazwa njengenhlanganisela efanayo, evamise ukwenziwa yizinhlayiyana ezincane kunama-athomu ayi-10, lokhu kuvame ukwenziwa ngezinto ezimbili njengezixazululo nezixazululo.
Solutes
Yizinto ezincibilika zingxubevange, ngoba lezi ziningi kakhulu ngobuncane.
Izixazululo
Yizinto eziqothula i-solute, lezi zitholakala ngezilinganiso ezinkulu kunalezo esezishiwo.
Izixazululo zehlukaniswe zaba izinhlobo ezimbili, okuyilezo lapho inani elinqunyiwe kanye ne-solvent engxenyeni inganqunywa, ebizwa ngama-value, futhi kukhona nezinye ezinamandla, okuyilawo inani ngeke kunqunywe.
Liyini ikhambi elinamandla?
Yingxube lapho inani eliqondile lokuncibilika nokuncibilika kwamanzi kunganqunywa khona, lapho kungahlukaniswa khona izinto zokuqina kuketshezi, uketshezi kuketshezi, igesi kuketshezi negesi kugesi, kube yiyona enevolumu enkulu kunazo zonke encibilikayo omncane.
Izinguquko zesikhathi sokuncibilika zizohluka maqondana nezinga lokushisa, ingcindezi kanye nohlobo lwe-solute, kanye nasendaweni yegesi i-solute ivame ukuncibilika, idale ukuthi i-solvent ithole ubukhulu obukhulu.
Kunezinhlobo ezinhlanu zezixazululo ezinamandla ezihlukaniswe ngokuya ngezimfanelo ze-solvent kanye ne-solute, phakathi kwazo kuhlanjululwe, kwagxila, kwagcwala, kungagcwalisiwe futhi kwafakwa isupersaturated.
Uma ingxube inezinto ezimbili njengezakhi zoketshezi, ilahlekelwa umuzwa wezinto ezisetshenziswayo, futhi kuphela okwaziwayo, ngenxa yalowo onenani elikhulu kwinhlanganisela.
Izinhlobo zezixazululo ezinamandla
Lezi zinhlobo zihlukaniswe ngokuvumelana nokuphikiswa kwezinto, kanye nenani le-solute kuzo, phakathi kwazo okungashiwo okulandelayo.
Nciphisa izixazululo
Yilezo lapho amanani we-solvent asibekela lezo ze-solute, ezaziwa nangokuthi izixazululo ezibuthakathaka, ngenxa yenani elincane lazo, isibonelo salokhu kungaba lapho isipuni soshukela sifakwa ekhofi elise ukushisa okuphezulu noma okushisayo, okuzoncibilika ngokushesha okukhulu kakhulu ngenxa yenani kuphela.
Izixazululo ezigxile
Yilezo ezinenqwaba ye-solute uma iqhathaniswa nenani le-solvent elikhona engxenyeni noma lingachazwa nangokuthi inani eliphakeme lezinto ezincibilika enanini le-solvent, isibonelo salokhu kungaba lapho wafaka amagremu ayi-10 kasawoti kwilitha elilodwa lamanzi.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi awukho umkhawulo oqondile phakathi kwezixazululo ze-dilute ne-concentrated.
Izixazululo ezingagcwalisiwe
Lokhu kubonakala ngokuba nenani eliphansi le-solute elingaqukatha, ezimweni ezithile zengcindezi nezinga lokushisa, isibonelo kungaba ngama-gramu ayi-30 kasawoti kumalitha amabili amanzi.
Izixazululo ezigcwele
Ziphikisana ngokuphelele nezingasuthisiwe, ngoba zinenani eliphakeme lokuncipha elingalibamba, ezimweni ezithile zengcindezi nezinga lokushisa, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lapho isixazululo sesigcwele i-solute ayincibiliki futhi, yakha ukulingana phakathi kwe-solute ne-solvent.
Izixazululo ze-Supersaturated
Lokhu kuqukethe okulula kakhulu kunezisombululo ezigcwele. Okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuthi i-solute ingene esenzweni se-solvent ngokushisa ingxube, kepha uma ivunyelwe ukuphola, izobuyela esimeni sayo sokuqala ngenxa yokuphakama kwayo. Ziyizixazululo ezingazinzi lapho kuthi lapho zithola ukushaywa okuncane noma ukunyakaza okungazelelwe, zibe yizisombululo ezigcwele.
Isixazululo sendawo
Izixazululo zinezinto eziningi, kepha okubaluleke kakhulu ukuncibilika, okuyinani lesincibilikisi elingancibilika kwisinyibilikisi ezingeni lokushisa elinikeziwe, ungqimba oluhlanganisiwe lunezinga lalo lokuncibilika.
Kukhona nezinye izincibilikisi ezifana nokuhamba ngamandla kagesi, ingcindezi yomhwamuko, phakathi kokunye, kanye ne-solvent efana nephoyinti elibilayo, noma iphoyinti lefission, okuyilapho okuqinile kuphenduka uketshezi.
Ukuze kwenziwe isixazululo esilinganayo, kufanele kube nokuheha okuthile phakathi kwama-molecule we-solute ne-solvent, okuzonqoba amandla ama-molecule okuheha i-solute yodwa, kubenze bahlakazeke bese bejoyina labo be-solvent .
Isibonelo, sinamanzi noshukela, njengoba, njengoba kwaziwa, uma ufaka isipuni sikashukela engilazini yamanzi, azoncibilika, ngoba ama-molecule wamanzi aqinile ngokwanele ukuheha lawo ashukela., Kufinyelela lokho nokuthi lokhu kuba uketshezi oluhlangene namanzi.
Izibonelo ezisiza ukunquma izixazululo ezinamandla
- Uma wenza i-latte, kubukeka njengesixazululo kukhofi, esiqinile, nobisi njenge-solvent, okuwuketshezi.
- Ushokoledi namanzi, ushokoledi kube yi-solute bese unisela i-solvent.
- Lapho ingaphansi kokuchithwa kwamanzi nomoya, inkungu iyatholakala.
- I-Paint ne-tiner, ukuze ikwazi ukusebenzisa upende kawoyela kalula, kufanele idlule kwinqubo yokuqedwa ne-tiner, okuyi-solvent.
- Amanzi anensipho, lapho amanzi kuphela futhi insipho i-solute, lokhu kungasebenza futhi njengesibonelo sesixazululo esingasetshenziswanga.
- Ikhofi elinamanzi, lapho ulungisa uhlobo olujwayelekile lwekhofi, nalo liyahlanjululwa, kepha kulokhu selinamanzi, asebenza njenge-solvent.
- Amanzi anoshukela, ushukela uyinto okufanele ichithwe futhi unisele i-solvent
- Amanzi aneziphuzo zokufakelwa, lezi ziphuzo ziyimikhiqizo engenamanzi, esebenza njengoshukela onamakha, isebenza ngendlela efanayo neyangaphambilini.