Kuyaqondakala ezweni lamakhemikhali ukuthi izixazululo ezinemixube ehambisanayo enezinto ezimbili, leyo encibilikayo, kanye ne-solvent, eyaziwa ngama-solute ne-solvent.
Phakathi kwalezi zixazululo kukhona izixazululo ezinamandla, ezibandakanya zonke lezo okungenakukwazi ukuthi kungakanani ukuncibilikiswa okungancibilika, kanye nalezo ezinenani ezingahumusha njengomphumela ophambene nalezo ezedlule.
Kunezici eziningana okufanele zinqume ukwazi amanani we-solute kusixazululo, kepha ukuze wazi ukuthi ziyini, kufanele uqale uhlolisise ngokujulile ukuthi yiziphi izixazululo zenani.
Yiziphi izixazululo zenani elikhulu?
Yizo zonke lezo lapho amanani we-solvent adingekayo ukuncibilikisa i-solute enqunywa ngokunembile, abaluleke kakhulu kwisayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe, ngoba aqukethe izinqubo lapho kungeke kube khona umkhawulo wephutha.
Izingxenye zezixazululo zenani
Kuzo zonke izixazululo kunezinto ezifanayo, okungamakhemikhali awuketshezi, asebenza njengesici esincibilikayo, kanye namakhemikhali awuketshezi, okuyizinto ezizoncibilika, okuvamise ukuba ngamanani amancane kunomswakama kuphela.
Izinhlobo zezixazululo zenani
Ukuba khona kwezinhlobo ezintathu zezixazululo ezinenani kungaphawulwa, okuyizinto eziyisisekelo, i-ionic futhi ezihlelwe.
Izixazululo zokuqala
Zitholakala ngokuqala ngezixazululo zamanye ama-compounds, akhiwa izakhi kuphela esimweni esihlanzekile nesemvelo.
Izixazululo ze-Ionic
Yiso leso sixazululo lapho i-solute ichitheka ku-solvent ihlukane ne-ions noma ibole, isibonelo esivame kakhulu salesi sixazululo ngosawoti osemanzini, ngoba ibola ama-ion ayo kulolo ketshezi olwenza ukuncibilika.
Izixazululo ezenziwe
Ngokuyinhloko ziyizinto ezisuselwa ekubalweni kwezinto kanye nesisindo se-athomu esakha.
Ungawabala kanjani amanani ezinto?
Ukubala amanani esixazululo kuyadingeka ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi izinto inqubo ezosetshenziswa kuzo, okuzoqondiswa kuzo ukuqhubeka nokusebenzisa amayunithi aphathekayo noma amayunithi amakhemikhali.
Ezingxenyeni zamakhemikhali kunokulingana, futhi ukujwayela ngenkathi kumayunithi womzimba kungubukhulu be-solute nevolumu yayo.
Amayunithi wamakhemikhali
- Ubumbano: Kuyisilinganiso esingatholakala ku-solute kusixazululo, noma ngabe i-ionic, i-molecular noma i-athomu, okuvame ukuthi into eguqula ukushisa. Kuma-chemistry kwaziwa njenge-molar concentration, lokhu kuchazwa ngohlamvu u-M.
- Jwayelekile: Kuchazwa njengobudlelwano obukhona phakathi kwenani le-solute, naleyo ye-solvent.
- Amayunithi womzimba
- Amaphesenti ngobuningi: yiphesenti le-ml ye-solute esesisombululo sazo zonke amagremu ayi-100 ento encibilikayo.
- Amaphesenti evolumu ngobuningiAmaphesenti amagremu we-solute anesisombululo sayo yonke i-100 ml ye-solvent.
- Amaphesenti evolumu ngevolumu: isho inani ngamamilimitha noma ama-cubic centimeter we-solute ngamasentimitha ayi-100 noma ngamamilimitha we-solvent.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi kulezi zinqubo kuyadingeka ukwazi ukuthi ukugxila kungubudlelwano obukhona phakathi kwenani le-solute nenani le-solvent elikhona kusisombululo, esingavezwa ngazo zonke izindlela ezibonwe ngenhla.
Njengoba kubalulekile futhi ukwazi ukuncibilika kwezinto, okuyikhono le-solute lokuncibilikisa kwisincibilikisi, esizoncika ekushiseni nasekucindezelekeni, lokhu kubalwa ngokuthatha amaphesenti we-molarity kanye nokujwayelekile.
Umehluko phakathi kwezixazululo zenani elikhulu nezamandla
Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalezi zixazululo ezimbili ukuthi lezo ezibumbayo yilezo lapho inani elifanele lesixazululo lingaxazululwa, futhi lezo ezivezwayo yilezo, njengoba igama labo lisho, zinamanani, okungukuthi, izingxenye zawo kuyabalwa.
Kungashiwo ukuthi izixazululo ezisetshenziswayo yilezo ezenziwa ngokulinga nangephutha, kuyilapho lezo zenani zihlelelwa futhi zivame ukuphelela, ngoba akunakubakho mkhawulo wephutha ngesikhathi sokuzenza, ngoba zinenani elithile ukuxuba. ukuxuba.
Ungasithola kanjani isisombululo esivelisiwe?
Imiphumela engatholakala ezixazululweni ezifakiwe yenziwa ngokusebenzisa ezinye izivivinyo lapho kusetshenziswa konke okubonwe kule ndatshana, ukuthola izinga lokuncibilika kwento ngayinye.
Ukunquma lokhu, kufanele kunakwe izinto ezinqumayo: izinga lokushisa kwezinto, ingcindezi esekhaya yokuba amagesi, ubunjalo bamakhemikhali awuketshezi namakhemikhali awuketshezi, ubukhona bama-ion, i-pH yesixazululo nobukhona bezinkinga amanxusa.
Ukuncibilika kuncike ezintweni i-KPS ekhombisa amandla we-ionic wezinto eziwanikelayo, kungakhulunywa ngezibonelo ezithile zobukhulu bokuswenka.
- Isakhi: ukushiswa kwe-barium, ifomula: i-caBO3, i-KPS kuma-25 degrees Celsius 2.58 × 10
- Isakhi: i-barium fluoride, ifomula baF2, i-KPS kuma-25 degrees Celsius 1.84 × 10
- Isakhi: i-aluminium hydroxide, ifomula i-Al8HO) 3, i-KPS Ku-25º degrees Celsius 3 × 10
Kanye nokubheka ngokucophelela amazinga wokuhlungwa kwezinto, nawo asiza ukunquma amazinga azo okuncibilika.
Ukuhlaziya ivolumu nobukhulu bayo, kuya ngento, futhi ngokwazi amanani wayo we-molar noma ukugxilwa kwe-molar, amanani ento ethile azokwaziwa, lokhu kuvame ukwenziwa ngezinqubo eziqaphile ezingaba yinkimbinkimbi ngandlela thile.
Isibonelo sezinga lokuncibilika kungaba ngoshukela, okushisa angama-20 degrees Celsius, onamandla okunciphisa amanzi angama-1330 amagremu awo kwilitha ngalinye lamanzi, yize kuyinqubo ehamba kancane, kungafinyelelwa, lokhu thatha cishe imizuzu engama-30 ukuyithola.