Ingqondo yomuntu, amakhulu eminyaka, inikeze abantu abangaphezu koyedwa ukuthi yini okufanele bakhulume ngayo futhi bacabange ngayo. Izinkulungwane zezifundiswa eminyakeni edlule ziye zafuna ukwembula izimfihlakalo ezikhona phakathi kwezingqondo ezahlukene zabantu. Kungani isebenza ngaleyo ndlela, kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi sonke sehluke kakhulu emicabangweni yethu, kungani abanye abantu bekwazi ukuziphatha ngendlela abanye abayiphika nje.
Umehluko bekuyisihloko sengxoxo engapheli iminyaka; kangangoba isizukulwane ngasinye umhlaziyi omusha wakha imibono engavumelana noma engavumelani nabanye, kepha bonke abafuna ukuqonda okwenzekayo ngaphakathi emiqondweni yethu.
Ngaphakathi kwala madoda esayensi singathola uSigmund Freud, ubaba owaziwayo we-psychoanalysis; Elton Mayo, ngubani usebenze ngokuziphatha kwabasebenzi emafemini nasezinkampanini kokubili isiNgisi kanye neMelika; kanye nodokotela wezengqondo uLev Vygotsky, owayengumanduleli weSoviet neuropsychology, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo saseRussia esaba negalelo elikhulu empilweni yanamuhla.
Kulokhu okuthunyelwe sizofunda okwengeziwe ngeminikelo eyenziwe yile ndoda kwezemfundo nakwezengqondo, nokuthi impilo yayo yanikelwa kanjani ekusinikeni ukuqonda okungcono kwezingqondo zethu.
Umlando omncane kaVygotsky
Le ndoda yazalelwa eRussia ngo-1896, emndenini wamaJuda, futhi ingane yesibili emndenini wabantu abayisishiyagalombili. Ngesikhathi sobusha bakhe wakha ukunambitheka okuphawulekile kwethiyetha. Eminyakeni eyi-19 kuphela ubudala, lapho kwakungu-1915, wabhala indatshana emdlalweni kaShakespeare: Hamlet.
Ngenkathi esekolishi, phakathi konyaka we-1913 nowe-1917, izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa wayebandakanyeka ekushintsheni kwemisebenzi ngenxa yokuthi Izinto ezibonakalayo azizange ziqede ukugcwalisa ukomela kwakhe ulwazi. Waqala ukufundela ubudokotela, kodwa kwathi sekusele inyanga eyodwa ukuthi afunde izifundo zakhe washintsha imikhakha waqala ukufundela ezomthetho eMoscow State University; Lapho, unyaka owodwa kuphela, wayeka umsebenzi wakhe wafundela ifilosofi nezincwadi eyunivesithi eyayithandwa kakhulu, njengoba lezi zifundo zazimthakazelisa kusukela ebusheni bakhe.
Lapho nje esephothulile, kwathi ngemuva kokucwaswa kwamaJuda ayezinze eRussia kwaqedwa ngenxa ye-Revolution ka-Okthoba, wanquma ukuthi kwase kuyisikhathi sokudlulisela ulwazi lwakhe olusha kubantu abaningi ababelangazelele ukufunda. Ngale ndlela, Ngiyafundisa i-psychology kanye ne-logic ku-Pedagogical Institute eyaziwayo; i-aesthetics nomlando wobuciko e-Conservatory; Ngesikhathi esifanayo, waqondisa isigaba semidlalo yaseshashalazini ephephandabeni elaziwayo futhi wasungula umagazini wezincwadi.
Ngo-1920 wangenwa isifo sofuba, okwathi ekuqaleni kwamthinta ngokujulile, hhayi emzimbeni kuphela, kodwa nangokomzwelo. Wadluliselwa esibhedlela, njengoba lesi sifo sasibhekwa njengesibi kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. U-Lev Vygotsky wezwa ukuthi impilo yakhe izokuba mfushane, kodwa ekugcineni wenza isinqumo: uzoqinisa umoya wakhe wokusebenza ukuze enze isikhathi sakhe emhlabeni sizuze.
Wakha ilabhorethri ePedagogical Institute lapho angafundisa khona izingane ezinokukhubazeka kokufunda ukuthi zifunde enkulisa. Kwakungenxa yalomsebenzi lapho ayengazitholela khona izinto ezinhle incwadi yakho I-psychology yokufundisa.
Washada ngo-1924 futhi kuleyo nyunyana amadodakazi amabili ayezozalwa. Kwase kuyiminyaka emine aqala ukungenwa isifo sofuba, kodwa wayesazoba nesikhathi esithe xaxa sokwenza izifundo, imibono kanye nomsebenzi, okwakuzobuye kuthukwe futhi kwezinye izikhathi kunqanyulwe ngenxa yokuphikisana nawo neziphathimandla zamakhomanisi.
Ushone ngo-1934 ngenxa yesifo sofuba esasimthinte iminyaka engu-14. Kodwa-ke, ukwazile ukubiza izahluko zokugcina zemisebenzi yakhe ngenkathi esembhedeni. Wayengumuntu owathi wayehlala ekhuthele, noma ngabe isimo sinjani. Iningi lemisebenzi yakhe lalizoshicilelwa eminyakeni yakhe yakamuva ngisho nangemva kokushona kwakhe, kepha zizohlala zinikela kakhulu kwezengqondo.
Imibono kaLev Vygotsky
U-Lev Vygotsky wenza imibono eminingi ezosiza ukufundisa izingane ezinokukhubazeka kokufunda kanye nezingane ezinamakhono aphambili. Umbono wakhe wezenhlalo unezicelo eziningi ngaphakathi kwemfundo kanye nokufundisa.. Phakathi kwalezi, ezidume kakhulu yilezi: inkolelo-mbono yakhe yezenhlalo, isifaniso sokufundela nokufundela. Zonke lezi zinto ezakha ingxenye ephelele okufanele zisetshenziswe kwezemfundo.
Umbono wezenhlalo
Umbono kaLev Vygotsky wezenhlalo unamasiko amakhulu kulokho namuhla okuyimfundo yezingane zethu, ngoba yayingasetshenziswanga kuphela ezingeni laseRussia, kodwa izinto zakhe esezidlulile emhlabeni zahlolwa yizizwe nohulumeni abehlukene abathatha isinqumo sokuthi umsebenzi wakhe wahlaba umxhwele ukusho ukuthi okungenani.
Izivivinyo ezisuselwa ku-ZPD, eziphethe ukukhombisa nokugqamisa amandla engane, zibaluleke kakhulu uma kukhulunywa ngezivivinyo zobunhloli ezijwayelekile ezisetshenziswa emazweni amaningi omhlaba. Lezi zivivinyo zivame ukugcizelela kakhulu ulwazi nokufunda okutholakele enganeni. Ngale ndlela, izingane eziningi ziyahlomula ngombono wokuthi uVygotsky waqala cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule.
Okunye ukunikela okuyisisekelo kwalo msebenzi ukucatshangelwa kwezenhlalo uVygotsky akumaka emsebenzini wakhe, lapho esho khona ukuthi ukukhula okujwayelekile kokufunda kwengane kusiko elilodwa akufani noma akusebenzi kulokho kwezingane kwamanye amasiko noma imiphakathi. Ngendlela elula yokuchaza, ukukhula kwengane ohlelweni lokufunda akukuhle uma isuka ephuzwini elinamasiko omphakathi nomphakathi iye kolunye olunelinye isiko. Kuzoba nzima enganeni ukuzivumelanisa nezimo futhi othisha kuzodingeka bathole indlela yokusebenza kuyo ngendlela yomuntu uqobo.
I-Proximal Development Zone (ZPD)
Kule mbono kaVygotsky, sitshelwa ukuthi abantu abadala, othisha kanye nabafundi abasezingeni eliphakeme abasezikhaleni eziseduze nengane (abazali, izingane zakwabo, ababheki), banomthwalo wokuba ngabondli bengane okukhulunywa ngabo ngesikhathi sokufunda futhi umsebenzi, endaweni ngaphambi kokuba afunde yedwa futhi aqhubeke nemisebenzi yakhe nemisebenzi yakhe. Lolu sizo lunikeza izingane umfutho ezikudingayo ukuwela i indawo yokuthuthuka, okuqondwa njengalelo igebe lokucabanga phakathi kwalokho ingane esevele ikwazi ukukwenza, nalokho elingenakukufeza ngokwalo.
Izingane ezikwi-ZPD ezinomsebenzi othile zisendaweni lapho zikwazi khona ukwenza umsebenzi othile, okungukuthi, zinamandla okuwenza, kepha azikwazi ukukwenza ngaphandle kokuthi Kuyasiza ngoba zisadinga ukuhlanganisa ukhiye yomcabango odingekayo kulo msebenzi.
Kodwa-ke, ngokuma okulungile bayakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi ngendlela efanele, ngoba abantu abakhona eduze kwabo ubaqondise ekuchazeni kwabo. Ngale ndlela, kuze kufike lapho kuthwalwa khona umthwalo wemfanelo, ukusebenzisana, ukuholwa kanye nokuqapha, ingane ithuthuka ngokwanele futhi ingahlanganisa ulwazi nokufunda okusha.
Umbono wescaffolding
Indlela yescaffolding uhlelo olunikezwa i-ZPD. Kuyinqubo lapho umzali, umqaphi noma uthisha angasiza khona ingane ngomsebenzi engakakwazi ukuwenza ngaphandle kokuthola usizo.
Lolu hlobo lwamasu lunikezwa kaningi phakathi kwabazali nezingane lapho ludinga ngempela ukufunda okuthile, kepha ngasikhathi sinye ludinga umhlahlandlela wokulusiza lufunde.
Le mbono kaLev Vygotsky nayo isitshela ukuthi akukhona ukuthi izinkinga zixazululwa ngengane okukhulunywa ngayo, kodwa ukuthi zinikezwa izinsizakusebenza nolwazi lokuzixazulula ngokwazo. Ngale ndlela, ineqhaza ekudlulisweni kokufunda, futhi ulwazi olunabile luyatholakala njengomphumela wokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu.
Lapho kusetshenziswa le ndlela, indlela izingane ezazifundiswa ngayo ukuthi amathuluzi ayesebenza kanjani nokuthi zazisebenza kanjani zazisebenza kangcono ekwenzeni ukuthi zenze imisebenzi eziyabelwe kunokuthi ngabe zazichazelwe ukuthi zingawenza kanjani lo msebenzi ekuqaleni.
Futhi ngaphandle kwalokho izingane bathola ukufundela umsebenzi okukhulu ngoba bekungeyona indaba yokwenza lokho abakubone kwenziwa ngumfundisi, kepha bekusebenzisa izingqondo zabo nokwenza lowo msebenzi.
Izikhathi eziningi ingane izodinga usizo lwethu, kepha ekugcineni izokwazi ukwenza umsebenzi owabelwe, futhi uma isikwazile ukwenza lo msebenzi ngezikhathi eziningi, izokwazi ukwenza imisebenzi enzima kakhulu ngesikhathi esifushane ngenxa ukufunda okutholakele.