Ama-Aztec kwakuyimpucuko eyayichuma ezikhathini zangaphambi kweSpanishi, ehlanganisa isiko elikhulu nenkolelo ebanzi yenkolo ehlanganisa cishe onkulunkulu abayi-100 kuyo yonke inganekwane yabo yomlando.
Yize onkulunkulu babo abaningi badalwa ngezinkolelo zabo, banabo futhi ohlwini lwabo oluningi lwezithixo ezivela kwamanye amasiko, njengamaNahuas, abenikele kakhulu emibonweni yonkulunkulu ababaluleke kakhulu emasikweni angaphambi kweSpanishi, njengezimpaphe inyoka. UQuetzalcóatl unkulunkulu womoya nokuphila.
Ezinganekwaneni zabo ubungabona amasiko anikezelwe konkulunkulu, ngoba ahlobanisa izinto zemvelo nabo, obekufanele zigcinwe zijabule ngokuthola isivuno esihle nezimo zezulu ezinhle, ngoba lokhu kunikelwa ngegazi kwakwenziwa, okwathi kwesinye isikhathi kwaba ukusikeka okulula kusuka kubakhiphi uqobo, njengoba nabo bathatha impilo yenja eyodwa noma ngisho eyinkulungwane, bekhipha izinhliziyo zabo ngenkathi isashaya, baphonsa izidumbu emathuneni ajwayelekile.
Izinto ezinjengamanzi, umoya, umlilo, umhlaba, nezinguquko ezisemkhathini ezinjengemvula, izivunguvungu phakathi kwabanye abaningi zithathwa njengonkulunkulu bama-Aztec, okuthi ngesikhathi sokukhipha ulaka lwabo kubantu, kube yimbangela yezinhlekelele ezinkulu zemvelo, umphumela wokungakhokhi intela yabo kubo, okungashintsha ngokuya kunkulunkulu abafuna ukumenelisa.
Ama-Aztec ayengomunye wemiphakathi ebaluleke kakhulu futhi enempumelelo kunayo yonke inkathi, kepha izinkolelo zabo nazo zathonywa ezabeMayan, bakha phakathi kwazo zonke lezi zinganekwane uhlu olukhulu lonkulunkulu ababekhonzwa yila masiko.
Bangobani onkulunkulu bama-Aztec?
Onkulunkulu banobukhosi obuthile nemisebenzi, ehlukaniswe ngokwemisebenzi abayenzayo, kanye naleyo ebaluleke kakhulu phakathi konkulunkulu bamalanga ama-5, abhekwa njengomlando wokudalwa komhlaba, futhi ngakho-ke lokho okomhlaba.
I-Tlalchitonatiuh noma ilanga lokuqala
I-Tezcatlipoca yamukelwa njengelanga lokuqala elakhanyisa umhlaba iminyaka engama-676, ngesikhathi seziqhwaga, kodwa ngesikhathi sokufa kwakhe, kwaqala ukuzingelwa kwamajaguar ngokumelene nemidondoshiya, kungashiyi noyedwa ophilayo. Kuthiwa iQuetzalcóatl yashaya amanzi lapho yahlala khona ngoswazi, yawaphendula ama-jaguar aqeda impilo yomuntu walowo mhlaba.
Ehecatonatiuh noma ilanga lesibili
Esikhathini sesibili kwakunguQuetzalcóatl owagcwalisa umsebenzi welanga, ekubuseni kwamadoda ezinkawu, lokhu kwaphela iminyaka engama-675 kuze kube yilo tezcatlipoca efanayo eyamwisa phansi ngumoya onamandla owabe ususa amadoda enkawu.
I-Tletonatiuh noma ilanga lesithathu
Ngalesi sikhathi kwaba ngukujika kukankulunkulu owahluma, owaziwa njengoTlaloc, unkulunkulu wombani nemvula, owahlala iminyaka engama-364 kwaze kwaba yilapho uQuetzalcóatl emenza awele phansi esibhakabhakeni amenze washiya isikhundla sakhe.
Atonaliuh noma ilanga lesine
Isikhundla selanga lesine sanikwa uChalchiuhtlicue owayengowesifazane waseTlaloc, wakhanyisa umhlaba iminyaka engama-314 ngesikhathi sezinhlanzi, ukuthi ngonyaka wokugcina wokubusa kwalonkulunkulu, kwehla imvula enamandla eyadala isibhakabhaka uqobo lwawo ukuwela emhlabeni, okwenza lezi zibe yizo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezikhona namuhla.
ILanga lesihlanu
Lesi bekuyisigaba lapho ukwenziwa komuntu njengoba kwaziwa namuhla kwenzeka, isikhathi lapho onkulunkulu banquma ukuthi sekuyisikhathi sokwakha umuntu ozogcwalisa umhlaba, kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho uQuetzalcóatl aya khona ngaphansi komhlaba buyisa amathambo ezinhlanzi amadoda, lawo anganikeza impilo kulabo bakulesi sigaba.
Njengoba bengonkulunkulu abadali besintu, imihlatshelo kwakudingeka inikelwe ukubazisa, ngenxa yalesi sizathu ama-Aztec namasiko amaningi wangaphambi kweSpanishi enza lezi zinkolo konkulunkulu bawo.
Igama lelanga lesihlanu kwakunguTonatiuh oqhamuka emazweni aseTeotihuacán, okuyizwe lapho onkulunkulu bazalwa noma bahlangana khona.
Ngemuva kwayo yonke le micimbi, abantu kwakudingeka bakhombise ukuzinikela kubo bonke onkulunkulu babo, ababanikeza ukudla, ikhaya nokuvikeleka, ngamunye wabo enezici nezimfanelo zakhe, ezinye zezithixo zama-Aztec ezaziboniswa njengoba zimelele.
Okokuqala kukhona lezo ezibalulekile ebukhoneni bempilo, kanye nalezo ezibaluleke kakhulu ngokwesiko lama-Aztec.
I-Omecihuatl ne-Ometecuhtli
Bangababili bonkulunkulu abadala imiphefumulo, ababizwa ngenkosi nenkosazana yendalo yaphezulu, yibo ababangela konke ukuphila nokuphila emhlabeni, nabazali babanye onkulunkulu. Ngamunye umele ubulili, kanye nengxenye yabesifazane, nengxenye yesilisa yendalo, ngokusebenza ndawonye baziwa njenge-Otemeotl
I-Xipe Totec
Iphethini yokuzala kwazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, okuvumela izitshalo ukuthi zithele izithelo futhi ngasikhathi sinye ziyavuselelwa, kanye nokunikeza impilo kumuntu.
I-Quetzalcoatl
Ungomunye wezingane ezine eziphambili zalezi zithandani ezaziwa ngokuthi u-Otemeotl, lena yinyoka enezimpaphe eziyigugu, ezimele umoya, nabapristi kanye nezimemezelo, kanye nokukhanya kwasekuseni.
I-Xiuhtecuhtli
Imele ukudla ngezikhathi zendlala, kanye nempilo emva kokufa.
Onkulunkulu Abaphilisayo
Kunonkulunkulu abathathu ababehlotshaniswa nezinqubo zokuphulukisa zabantu.
Toci
Waziwa ngegama elithi "umama wonkulunkulu" noma "umuthi wasebusuku" ungunkulunkulukazi wodokotela, abelaphi, nababhuli, lokhu kwakuphethe usuku lweshumi nane lwekhalenda, olwazalwa ngosuku i-xóchitl olwalumiselwe ukuba lube unkulunkulukazi onakekelayo nomvikeli wezempilo.
ixtlilton
Ungunkulunkulu ohlotshaniswa namaphathi, imidanso, imikhosi, nemithi, wanikwa igama lenkosi yenki emnyama, owayenezimfanelo zokuphulukisa ekwenzeni ama-codex, yize isici sakhe esivelele kakhulu kwakuwumculo ngoba noma nini ubufuna ukuhlela iphathi, uphendukele kubapristi balo nkulunkulu.
Ithempeli lakhe lalaziwa njengendawo yombhali, okuyiNahua yiTlacuicolan.
I-Patecatl
Ovumbulula i-pulque uyinkosi yezinsuku eziyishumi nantathu, kusukela ngomhla ka-1 kuya kwele-13, waziwa njengonkulunkulu wezokwelapha, ngolimi lwesiNauhatl kusho ukuthi umhlali wezokwelapha.
Onkulunkulu abahlobene nokudla
Phakathi kwalaba kunonkulunkulu abane abalandelayo:
I-Chicomecoatl
Ungunkulunkulukazi wenhlanzeko, ukunakekelwa, kepha waziwa kangcono njengentokazi enkulu yommbila, nguyena owaqala imisebenzi yokudala ukudla okumnandi okususelwa kulokho okusanhlamvu, ama-Aztec anikela ngokudla kwakhe akubeka ezinyaweni zomzimba wakhe ithempeli lakhe, ukuze libanikeze isibusiso salo ezitshalweni zommbila, laziwa nangokuthi yiXilonen noma eletshebe.
I-Coatlicue
Lokhu kwaziwa kangcono njengonkulunkulukazi oheha ukufa, kepha futhi nguyena onika impilo kuzo zonke izitshalo, ngoba nguyena ohlinzeka lezo zakhiwo emhlabeni, ezidingekayo ukuze zikhule, igama lakhe lihumusha indlu emnyama , nasethempelini lalo elithi "Tenochtitlán" kunesibalo sakhe esingenakhanda esimele hhayi kuphela unkulunkulukazi womhlaba, kodwa futhi nalokho kwenyanga.
I-Centeotl
Wakhosela ezweni enza okokufaka okuhlukile kubantu, njengommbila, waziwa njengendoda ebambisanayo futhi ethwala ukudla.
Ihambisana nezentengiselwano
Phakathi kokuhweba okuhlukile okwakungaphakathi kwala masiko, kwakukhona futhi onkulunkulu ababebamele.
yacatecuhtli
Ungumphathi wezitolo, nowohambo, nowezingxoxo, kumfanekiso wakhe umelwe ngekhala elikhulu kakhulu elalisebenza njengomhlahlandlela wohambo, njengomhlatshelo bamnikela ngomhlatshelo wempilo izigqila.
I-Acolometoctli
Waziwa ngokuba ngumvikeli wamatilosi, amelwe onogwaja ababili ezikebheni.
Opochtli
Lokhu kwaziwa njengonkulunkulu ohlinzeka ngenhlanhla yokuzingela, kokubili emhlabeni nasolwandle okubhekisele ekudobeni, emnikelweni wakhe wanikezwa ipuleti lokudla nengilazi yewayini, kwakuthathwa ngokuthi ungumdali wamanetha ukudoba.
I-Tlacotzonfli
Unkulunkulu umvikeli wemigwaqo, uphethe ekuvikeleni bonke labo abathathe uhambo beyofuna ukudla kwabantu bakhe.
Ihlanganiswe nezinkanyezi
Bangonkulunkulu bama-Aztec besibhakabhaka nezinkanyezi, lapho sithola:
UMaxcoatl
Ukumelwa kwakhe kwezinkanyezi yiMilky Way, ungunkulunkulu othathwa njengoyimbangela yezimpi, umvikeli wamakhandlela, nomsunguli wezivunguvungu neziphepho, igama lakhe elihunyushiwe yinyoka yamafu.
ICitlaticlue
Imele ukukhanya kwezinkanyezi esibhakabhakeni.
Yohaltecuhtli
Okuhambisana nokulala ebusuku, obekuvikela namaphupho ezingane, nakho okuhambisana nezikhathi eziphakeme, ukufa, ukuzalwa nokushiswa komzimba.
Phakathi kwalawa kukhona namalanga ama-5 aqanjwa ngenhla.
Ihambisana nezimo zemvelo
Ziyimbangela yezinhlekelele zemvelo ezinjengokuzamazama komhlaba, noma izikhukhula.
I-Tepeyollotl
Ngokuvamile waziwa ngesimo sakhe somzimba njenge-jaguar, ungunkulunkulu wama-echoes, imbangela yokuzamazama komhlaba.
I-Atlacoya
Igama lalo lihumusha emanzini adabukisayo, futhi limelela amanzi amnyama noma isomiso esibi esenzeka lapho umnikelo wabo unganikwanga.
Ayauhteotl
Ehlotshaniswa nokuyize nodumo, ungunkulunkulukazi owazihlukanisa ngokwenza izinkungu zivele ebusuku nasemini.
Kuhlanganiswe nokuzala
UTlazolteotl
Waziwa njengentokazi yezocansi, ehlotshaniswa nezindaba zothando ezinothando nezindaba zothando ezingekho emthethweni.
ICihuacoatl
Wayengowesifazane wokuqala ukubeletha, ngakho-ke wamenyezelwa njengonkulunkulukazi ongumvikeli wokubeletha, kanye nomhlahlandlela wodokotela.
Kuhlotshaniswa nokufa
Laba yibo bonke labo ababenikezwe izimpilo ngokushintshana ngokungasuli abantu bonke, ngoba babethukuthele kakhulu.
I-Chalmecatl
Lokhu kwakulawula imimoya eqondisa imiphefumulo emathunzini, futhi ibhekwa njengonkulunkulu wabafileyo.
I-Teoyaomqui
Kwakumele abafileyo ezimpini, okwakuyimiphefumulo yamaqhawe.
Izli
Lo nkulunkulu wayemele ubulukhuni bezwe ngesimo samatshe kanye nemihlatshelo yezimpilo ngemimese.
Kunezinhlobonhlobo zonkulunkulu abaningi ama-Aztec ababebakhonza, noma ngabe bavela esikweni labo, noma bamukelwa kwabadala, kepha konke lokhu kufinyelela ekutheni isigaba ngasinye sempilo sasinonkulunkulu waso owasimelela.
Ukuba yinganekwane ebanzi futhi emangalisayo, lapho kwakwenziwa amasiko amaningi angabonakala ngokombono ongenabuntu ngenxa yomhlatshelo wezimpilo ezingenacala ukwanelisa izinhlangano ezazikhona ngale kwaleli zwe.
Amathempeli amele bonke lab 'onkulunkulu bama-Aztec, kulezi zinsuku angavakashelwa, anabaqondisi bezokuvakasha, okungokuhlangenwe nakho okuhle kakhulu, ngenxa yokunothisa kwamasiko nokufunda lokhu okunganikeza abantu abeza kulezi zindawo.