Kuyini ucwaningo lwensimu - Izigaba, izici namasu

"Ucwaningo" ngumsebenzi ohlose ukuthola ulwazi olusha noma ukwandisa ulwazi, idatha esetshenziselwa ukuxazulula izinkinga emkhakheni wesayensi. Ngokusho kwento efundwayo, kungenzeka ukuthi uyihlukanise ngezinhlobo ezilandelayo: ihlaziya, isetshenziswe, isisekelo nenkambu.

Ucwaningo lwensimu yilokho esizohlaziya kukho konke lokhu okuthunyelwe, sifuna hhayi kuphela ukunikeza incazelo ngokuhlangana nezimpawu zayo; kodwa futhi thuthukisa izigaba zayo bese uthola amasu evumela ukuthi yenziwe ngempumelelo.

Luhlobo locwaningo olusetshenziselwa ukuqonda nokuthola isisombululo senkinga yanoma yiluphi uhlobo, kumongo othile. Njengoba igama layo likhombisa, kumayelana nokusebenza kusayithi elikhethelwe ukuseshwa kanye nokuqoqwa kwemininingwane evumela ukuxazulula inkinga.

Umcwaningi kufanele angene kumongo ukuze aqonde ukuthi inkinga ingayithinta kanjani leyo ndawo, futhi axhumane nemithombo eseduze; idatha ozoyithola futhi okufanele uyihlaziye ucubungula izinto ezahlukahlukene, ezinjengokwengqondo, ezemfundo, okuguquguqukayo kwezenhlalo, phakathi kokunye.

Izici

• Ucwaningo lwenziwa endaweni lapho kunenkinga noma into yokufunda khona.
• Umcwaningi uzuza ujulise ulwazi lokuphepha nokusekelwa okwandisiwe lapho usingatha imininingwane eqoqiwe.
• Ithembele emininingwaneni edlule ukuze ikwazi ukuhlela umsebenzi ozokwenziwa kanye nokuhlaziywa okulandelayo kolwazi oluqoqiwe.
• Imininingwane eqoqiwe itholakala ngamasu afana nezingxoxo kanye nemibuzo.
• Umphenyi kwezinye izimo kumele aqambe amanga ngobuyena, ukuze athole imininingwane eminingi kubantu abathintekile, isibonelo.

Yiziphi izinhlobo zocwaningo lwensimu?

Izinhlobo zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili: ukuhlola nokugxila ekuqinisekisweni kwemibono; okuhlukahluka okuhlukile ngokuya ngezizathu ezenza umcwaningi aye lapho kunesithakazelo khona.

• Ukuhlola: Kuqukethe ukubamba iqhaza komcwaningi endaweni lapho kutholakala khona isifundo, ukuze ahlole isiza futhi ahlaziye izinto ezingabonakala; lokhu ukuze uzame ukuthola iphethini ehlobana nezici ezahlukahlukene futhi ngaleyo ndlela bakwazi ukwenza "ukubikezela" mayelana nokuziphatha okuzokwenzeka.
• Ukuqinisekiswa kwe-Hypothesis: Le yiyo lapho umuntu ophethe ukwenza ucwaningo kufanele abhekane nemvelo lapho into efundwayo ikhona; ngoba inhloso yayo ukuthola incazelo yale nto.

Izigaba 

Kuyadingeka ukuthi wazi izigaba ozenzile enqubeni yayo yokucacisa; njengokunquma inkinga, ukuhlola izinsizakusebenza, ukukhetha amathuluzi noma amasu afanele, phakathi kwezinye izinyathelo esizobona ngezansi.

Thola inkinga

Into esemqoka ukunquma inkinga ezolashwa nokuyichaza, okusho ukuthi, yize kungaba yinkinga engathinti nje kuphela indawo esiyikhethile, kepha futhi nezinye izingosi ezisendaweni efanayo noma emhlabeni wonke; Umqondo ukuzikhawulela thina kuphela hlaziya futhi uhlolisise isimo indawo enentshisekelo yophenyo.

Khetha amathuluzi noma amasu afanele

Lapho sesiyazi inkinga, isimo noma into ethinta isiza, sekuyisikhathi sokukhetha amathuluzi noma amasu alolu phenyo. Phakathi kwazo kunezinhlobonhlobo zezinketho, ezinjengama-interviews, imibuzo yemibuzo, ukuhlolwa nokunye, esizokubona kwesinye isigaba.

Ukukhetha amasu afanele, kuzoncika enkingeni eyethulwayo nenhloso noma inhloso okuzokwenziwa ngayo uphenyo.

Sebenzisa amathuluzi

Uma sesikhethe amasu esizowasebenzisa kuphenyo, kufanele sazi ukuthi sizowasebenzisa kanjani ngendlela efanele nangempumelelo. Isibonelo, esimweni sokulungiselela inhlolokhono, sidinga ukwazi ukuthi yimiphi imibuzo esizoyibuza labo abathintekile.

Ukuhlaziywa kwedatha

Lapho kuqoqwa idatha ngamasu, kufanele ihlaziywe ngokufanele; ngakho-ke ayikho indawo yokuphathwa ngumcwaningi; ngoba inhloso thola isixazululo senkinga (uma ngabe ikhona ngempela), hhayi ukuphikisa umbono womcwaningi, okungenzeka kwezinye izikhathi kube okungalungile uma izigaba zokuqala zocwaningo lwensimu ziqala ngonyawo olungalungile.

Veza imininingwane etholakele

Ekugcineni, kuzosetshenziswa ithuluzi elifana ne-eseyi (isibonelo) ukwethula imininingwane etholakele kusuka enkingeni, kanye nemibono ekhona ngayo kanye nezixazululo noma imibuzo engaba khona emema umfundi ukuthi acabangisise.

Yiziphi izindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu?

Kuneziningana amasu ocwaningo lwensimu engasetshenziswa kulolu hlobo locwaningo, yize njengoba sishilo esigabeni “sokukhethwa kwamathuluzi”, uzokwazi ukukhetha esisebenza kakhulu ngenhloso yomsebenzi.

Isibonelo, esimweni sokuhlola izinto zobungako, ukusetshenziswa kocwaningo kuyanconywa; kuyilapho kulabo abasezingeni elifanele, ingxoxo engahlelekile ingcono kakhulu.

Ukuhlolwa kwensimu

Ukuhlolwa kuvumela hlola ukuziphatha kwabantu ngabanye ezimpilweni zabo zansuku zonke, okuletha umcwaningi eduze kakhulu nesimo noma into ayifunayo. Kodwa-ke, inkinga ukuthi izifundo, uma zazi ukuhlolwa, zingaguqula noma ziguqule ingxenye ethile yokuziphatha kwazo futhi ngaleyo ndlela zinikeze imininingwane eyiphutha yophenyo.

Ukuqashelwa

Enye yezindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu, kungakhathalekile inhloso yomsebenzi, kuphela ukuthi iyahluka ngokuya ngawo. Umsebenzi wayo awukona "ukubona" ​​kuphela kepha ukuhlaziya isici ngasinye, okungukuthi, into efundwayo izohlolwa ngayo yonke imizwa. Lokhu kungaba njalo ukwenziwa noma ukubamba iqhaza.

Endabeni yokwenziwa, kubhekise eqinisweni lokuthi umcwaningi uqhubeka nokubheka kanye / noma nokuhlaziya kusuka ngaphandle; ngenkathi umhlanganyeli, njengoba igama lalo lisho, kulapho umcwaningi ekhona eqenjini elithintekile.

Ucwaningo

Kuyindlela ethakazelisa kakhulu futhi esebenzisekayo, ngoba ivumela ukuthi yenziwe kubantu abaningi futhi ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuba nabo (singayithumela ngeposi, ngokwesibonelo). Le ndlela ivumela ukubuza labo abathintekile noma abangathintekile. Ukuphela kwento ukuthi kufanele sazi ukuthi siyenaba kanjani imibuzo yayo.

Ingxoxo

Kungashiwo ukuthi kuphambene nocwaningo, ngenxa yokuthi futhi kuyindlela yokubuza imibuzo, kepha lapho sixhumana ngqo nabantu ophenyweni. Kodwa-ke, zihlobene.

• Le ndlela ivumela ukuthola imininingwane eningiliziwe nenwetshiwe, ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abantu abasebenzisana nabo bavame ukuba nolwazi oluthe xaxa ngenkinga noma into okufanele ifundwe.
• Kukhona amafayela we- izingxoxo ezihleliwe noma ezingahlelekile. Esokuqala sibhekisa kulowo esike sachaza ngaphambilini uchungechunge lwemibuzo ngokulandelana okuthile; kuyilapho okwesibili kuya ezingxoxweni zamahhala ezivame ukuthi uma singenayo idatha eyanele yokucacisa imibuzo yohlobo lokuqala.

Izindaba zokuphila

Amasu lapho kuhloswe khona ukuqoqa idatha kubantu ngokwandiswa okulandelayo kwememori ehlanganayo (noma yomuntu uqobo) ebhekise entweni efundwayo. Ngale ndlela awukwazi ukulalela abantu kuphela, kungenzeka futhi ukuthi uthole imininingwane ethokozisayo ezincwadini, emaphephandabeni, phakathi kwabanye.

Amaqembu ezingxoxo

Ekugcineni sithola amaqembu ezingxoxo, ajwayele ukusetshenziselwa izinhloso zekhwalithi. Lokhu kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlangana nezingxoxo, ngoba idatha itholwa kuqala ngawodwa bese iyaqhubeka hlola iqembu labantu ukunweba imininingwane maqondana nesakhiwo senhlalo nezinye izinto.

Siyethemba ukuthi ukungena mayelana nocwaningo lwensimu, izici zalo, izigaba kanye namasu bekuthandile. Uma usenemibuzo noma ufuna ukunikela ngokuqukethwe okwengeziwe, unganqikazi ukusebenzisa ibhokisi lokuphawula ozolithola liqhubeka kancane.