Ukufunda okunenjongo nombono kaDavid Ausubel

"Ukufunda" kubizwa ngokuthi inqubo okungenzeka ngayo ukuthi kutholakale ulwazi olusha kwimfundiso, umkhuba noma isipiliyoni. Lokhu kungaba ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, njengokuphindaphinda, okubalulekile, ukubheka, ukufunda okwamukelayo, phakathi kwabanye.

Ngamunye wabo unezici ezibonisa zona, kepha intshisekelo yalesi senzakalo iqondiswe ku Okuphawulekayo, a Umbono kaDavid Ausubel owanikela kakhulu endaweni yesayensi yokusebenza kwengqondo nokufunda. Lokhu kuvumele ukuthuthukiswa kwamasu okufundisa ngaleso sikhathi naseminyakeni eyalandela.

Kuyini Ukufunda Okunenjongo?

Ngokusho kwesazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uDavid Ausubel, umbono wakhe uqinisekisa ukuthi lolu hlobo lokufunda lubhekwa njenge ikhono lokuhlobanisa imininingwane yakudala nolwazi olusha futhi esanda kutholwa, ukukwazi ukuwahlanganisa, ukunweba ulwazi nokuwakha kabusha uma kunesidingo.

Ukucaciswa ngokuthe xaxa, ukufunda okunenjongo kwenzeka ngesikhathi lapho kutholakala khona ulwazi olusha futhi lolu lwazi lunobudlelwano nenye idatha eyayitholwe phambilini. Kungakho kungenzeka ukuthi ufunde imibono, amakhono noma imiqondo emisha kalula uma besivele sinemininingwane engahlobene.

La inkolelo yokuthi I-Ausubel yaba yisibonelo esimelele kakhulu salolu hlobo lokufunda, ngoba yavumela ukuthuthukiswa kwamasu okufundisa futhi ngawo, umsebenzi wabafundisi wokufundisa ngempumelelo enkulu.

• Ukwenza lula ukutholwa kolwazi olusha, kuyadingeka ukuthi ube nemininingwane yangaphambilini ezosebenza njengesisekelo.
• Imininingwane etholakele kufanele ifakwe esakhiweni sengqondo futhi ihlale kwimemori esivumela ukuthi siqonde.
• Umfundisi kufanele abambe iqhaza elibonakalayo ukuze asebenzise izindlela ezanele zokufundisa ukukhuthaza lokhu kufunda kubafundi.
• Ngokuyinhloko ulwazi oludala luyaqhathaniswa futhi luhlobene nolusha ukushintsha ukwakheka okufanayo futhi ngaleyo ndlela kutholakale umphumela omusha.
• Kungenzeka ukwenza lolu hlobo lokufunda uwedwa noma ngosizo lukathisha noma uthisha.

Lokhu kwamuva kuyathakazelisa, ngoba umuntu angakwazi ukuthuthukisa i- ikhono lokufunda okunenjongo futhi ukwenze ngawodwana, ngokwazi noma ngokungazi, noma ngosizo lukathisha. Kodwa-ke, okubalulekile ukuthi izinqubo ezifanele futhi eziqondile ezichaza lokhu kufunda ziyafezeka, okuyilezi: ukuhlangana, okutholakele okutholakele kanye nokuhlanganiswa okuhlangene nokungajwayelekile.

Izinqubo zalokhu kufunda

• La okususelwe kokunye kubhekisa ekutholakaleni kolwazi oluhlobene nolunye ngokuya ngohlobo "oluyilo" ngakho-ke luhlanganisa ukwakha incazelo entsha. Isibonelo, uma umuntu ezazi izici "zendiza" futhi abone "indiza yempi" okokuqala ngqa, bazoqonda ukuthi "impi" yizici ezihlanganiswa "nendiza" ezakha enye incazelo.
• La ukubhaliswa okuhambisanayo okwamanje, esibonelweni esifanayo, sihlangana nendiza enombala wegolide, into engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili. Kulesi senzakalo, kubalulekile ukwengeza ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi izindiza zinemibala ehlukile, engashintsha umqondo esinawo ngazo.
• El ukufunda okumangalisayo Yilapho sazi ukuthi ziyini izindiza, izikebhe noma izimoto kodwa asizange sazi ukuthi "ziyizinto zokuhamba" size sifunde nganoma yisiphi isizathu. Okusho ukuthi besiyazi lemiqondo kepha besingazi ukuthi ndawonye inencazelo.
• Ekugcineni, i ukuhlanganiswa, ebonakala ngokuba ngumqondo ohlukile kepha ofana nalowo omusha, okuvumela ukuthi utholakale kalula.

Izinhlobo

U-Ausubel uphinde wahlukanisa lokhu kufunda ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi izethulo, imiqondo, neziphakamiso. Ngamunye wabo ngezici zakhe.

• El ukufunda ukumelwa kubhekisa kokukhulu futhi okubalulekile, okungukuthi, abanye bancike kuyo. Inhloso yawo ukufaka izincazelo, njengokuthi lapho ingane ifunda ukumela igama elithi "mama" kunina.
• Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokho kwemiqondo nakho kuyingxenye yezedlule, kuphela ukuthi kulokhu ngemiqondo echaziwe kungenzeka ukuthi ube nomqondo wokuthi kukhulunywa ngani. Isibonelo, ingane izoqonda ngo "mama" noma yimuphi umuntu wesifazane owenza umsebenzi ofanayo nowakhe.
• Ekugcineni, ukufundwa kwezincomo ezichazwa njengobudlelwano obunamagama amaningana, lapho kungahlanganiswa khona isethi yezincazelo okungekho lutho ngaphandle kwesibalo ngasinye sazo; okuvumela ukuthola izincazelo ezintsha.

UDavid Ausubel nombono wakhe

Ungudokotela wezengqondo kanye nomfundisi wezemfundo owazalelwa eNew York, e-United States, ngo-Okthoba 25, 1918. U-Ausubel wenza izifundo ze-psychology e-University of Pennsylvania, waphinde wafundela ubudokotela (yingakho esebenza njengodokotela wezifo zengqondo). Ngaphezu kwalokho, wathola iziqu zobudokotela kwezentuthuko yezengqondo futhi wenza ucwaningo olufanele kwi-psychology engqondweni.

Phakathi kuka-1963 no-1968, uDavid Ausubel washicilela umqondo wokufunda okunenjongo ngokomqondo wakhe. Okungeze ngaphezu kokufaka izici ezihlukile, izinhlobo nezinqubo okufanele zenziwe; Futhi inezici ezithile okufanele zinakwe, njengamasu okufanele asetshenziswe nguthisha, izinto zokweseka, abahleli bangaphambilini, inhlangano kanye nezinto ezibandakanya ukugqugquzela.

Yiziphi izindlela othisha okufanele bazisebenzise?

Uthisha kumele athole indlela yokuthi abafundi babe nentshisekelo ngemisebenzi ezokwenziwa ngaphandle kwesifundo; Ngokufanayo, isibopho sokwethembana nokuphepha kumele sisungulwe phakathi komfundi naye.

Othisha kufanele bahlose ukuqondisa yonke inqubo ngosizo lwamasu afanele ukuze ukufunda okubalulekile kuhlangatsheziwe futhi kungaphakathi kwemingcele yokuqonda. Ukusetshenziswa kwezibonelo kuzoba usizo olukhulu ukuze abafundi baqonde kalula.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abafundi kufanele banikezwe amandla okuveza imibono yabo kanye nempikiswano ngabo kanye neyabanye. Kungale ndlela kuphela lapho bezokwazi khona ukufunda ngokuphawulekayo isifundo okungenzeka kube nzima ukusifundisa ngezinye izindlela zemfundo.

Phakathi kwamasu kungenzeka ukuthola imidlalo, amabalazwe engqondo nengqondo, abahleli bangaphambilini, imifanekiso, phakathi kwabanye. Lapho ngamunye ezoba nemisebenzi ehlukile futhi kuzodala imiphumela ehlukile emandleni okufunda omuntu ngamunye, kucatshangelwa ukuthi umuntu ngamunye angafunda ngokuhlukile.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, othisha kudingeka bazi ngezici ezishukumisayo ezingena kule nqubo; ngoba ngokusho kukaDavid Ausubel, lokhu kuyazuza futhi kuthinte ukufunda ezicini ezahlukahlukene, ngokwesibonelo:

• Izinzuzo zibhekisele ekuvuseleleni okwenziwe kubafundi nothisha, kanye nokwenza ngcono ubudlelwane babo bobabili.
• Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingathinta kabi uma kubhekwa izinto zangaphandle ezingakulungele ukufunda, kungaba yisicefe uma kungenziwanga kahle futhi nayo, kungabaza othisha ngamasu asetshenziswayo.

Uma ukuthandile okuthunyelwe kwethu mayelana nokufunda okunenjongo, sikumema ukuthi ukuwabelane ngamanethiwekhi wakho ukuze abanye abantu bafunde ngakho; futhi futhi sikunikeza nethuba lokubambisana nokwandiswa kokuqukethwe ngamazwana; kungaba ngokufakwa kolwazi olusha noma ngokumane ubuze umbuzo osivumela ukuthi sinikeze imininingwane ethile yendaba ethile.