Ngokwehlukahlukana kwezilwane, kunezinhlobo eziningi ezinezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokusinda, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okufanayo kwenze ukuthi ngasinye sazo sivumelane nendawo esihlala kuyo, ngokwesibonelo izilwane zasolwandle, zinempilo ehluke ngokuphelele ezilwaneni zasemhlabeni.
Indlela yokondla, ukuzala kanye nokuphefumula ezinye zezinto ezinquma ukuvela kwesilwane. Ukuphefumula kwe-Gill, isibonelo, kuyinto efingqiwe ukubaluleka kokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlanzi nezinye izilwane zasemanzini, ngenxa yalokhu, besifuna ukukunikeza lonke ulwazi oludingayo futhi ufanelwe ukwazi ngohlelo lokuphefumula lwezinhlanzi nezinye izilwane zasolwandle eziphefumula ngemithambo yazo.
Yini ama-gill?
Ziyizitho zangaphandle ezivumela izinhlanzi nezinye izilwane zasolwandle ukuthi zenze inqubo ye ukumuncwa komoya-mpilo emanzini. Siyaqonda ukuthi ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwamanzi yi-H2O, ngakho-ke, i-gill iyakwazi ukukhipha i- O2 amanzi futhi ngaleyo ndlela ayise kwezinye izitho zomzimba wesilwane ukuze asikhiphe njenge CO2 phakathi.
Izilwane ezinalesi sitho emzimbeni wazo ziyakwazi ukuletha umoya-mpilo omunca kwezinye izitho zomzimba ukugwema noma ikuphi ukudakwa. Ukuphefumula kwamaselula kwenziwa ngokuphefumula kwesilwane kanye ne-mitochondria, okuyi-organelle yeselula.
Izici ze-gill
- Ngokungafani namaphaphu, amagill yizitho zangaphandle.
- Zifanele ukunyakaza okungaguquguquki okwenziwa yisilwane emanzini.
- Zinezinhlobo ezimbili, enye efana naleyo yesithasiselo enamathiselwe esilwaneni, lolu hlobo lwegill lutholakala kuma-mollusks, izibungu, ama-salamanders kanye nezinsizwa.
- Olunye uhlobo lwayo yilolo oluvame ukubonwa ezinhlanzini, ezihlelwe ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo zomphimbo wesilwane.
- Zihlobene nohlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi lwesilwane.
Izinhlobo zamagill
Ngenxa yokuvela kwezinhlobo, singathola izilwane zasolwandle ezinezinhlobo ezimbili zamagill: zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Ngokwezidingo zohlobo ngalunye lwasemanzini, okhokho babo bakha i-gill ethile.
Isibonelo, ama-mollusks nama-newt ane-gill efana ne-appendix etholakala ngaphandle ukwenza izinqubo ze-oxygenation yezilwane umsebenzi olula kakhulu kumandla akho okuphefumula. Umsebenzi wokuvikelwa kwalezi gill kusekelwe ekwazini ukwenza inqubo ye-oxygenation ibe lula kakhulu kumaseli esilwane.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imishanguzo yangaphakathi yilokho esivame ukukubona koshaka noma ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezincane. Lezi zigilana zinamathele emzimbeni ngaphandle ukuze izinhlanzi zingabi nankinga yokuhamba emanzini futhi zona zingabi nezinkinga zokuphefumula.
Izigilo zangaphandle
Lolu hlobo lwama-gill lwakhiwe ngamashidi amakhulu amise okwengqamuzana angaphandle kwesilwane.
Ngokusho kwemibono eyehlukene yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, imishanguzo yangaphandle indala kunayo yonke emhlabeni wasolwandle.
La i-gill yangaphandle Kungabeka impilo yesilwane engcupheni ngoba siyenza ibonakale kakhulu kumzingeli, kukhona futhi nethuba elikhulu lokuthi isilwane sizolimala njengoba zivezwe ukuthinta zonke izindawo ezihamba kuzo.
Izilwane ezingenamqolo yilezo ezinalolu hlobo lwe-gill; Kubuye kwafakazelwa ukuthi lezi zakhiwo zombungu ziyanyamalala ezibungwini, ngokungafani nemiphunga yangaphakathi ehlala esilwaneni kuze kube yilapho iguqulwa noma iguqukela.
Ama-gill angaphakathi
Ngokwengxenye yayo, imishanguzo yangaphakathi yilokho esivame ukukubona ezilwaneni eziningi zasolwandle njengezinhlanzi noshaka. Ngokusho kwemibono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, lolu hlobo lwe-gill lincane kunabo bonke ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo.
Sekuyizigidi zeminyaka, izilwane zasemanzini zinezifo zangaphandle, zona ngokwazo zazivame kakhulu.
Ngemuva kokuhlukahluka kohlobo, imishanguzo yangaphakathi yaqaliswa ngaphakathi kwezinto eziphilayo zesilwane ngasinye; konke ngenxa yezidingo ezahlukahlukene zokudla okunempilo nokuphila isilwane ebesinaso.
Este uhlelo lokuphefumula iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunaleyo yegill yangaphandle, ngoba itholakala ngaphansi komphimbo wenhlanzi.
Isilayidi ngasinye sifakwe yimithambo yegazi, ngakho-ke, umoya-mpilo ongena nge-gill ungahamba kulo lonke uhlelo lokujikeleza kwesilwane, uphefumule ezinye izitho ezisakha.
Ama-Vertebrate yiwo analolu hlobo lwama-gill, okuthi yize kuyindlela eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yokuphefumula, ngoba iyona evumela ukuthi isilwane sihambe emanzini ngamandla amakhulu.
Kuyini ukuphefumula okungu-branchial futhi kusebenza kanjani?
Ukuphefumula kwe-Gill kuqukethe ukushintshaniswa kwamagesi nomoya-mpilo okwenzeka ngalezi zigaxa.
Njengoba nje umuntu ephefumula ngamaphaphu nomoya, okungokwakho ama-gill adinga ukumunca amanzi olwandle, ulwandle, umfula, ichibi nezinye izimo ze-hydrographic ukuze zikwazi ukusebenzisa umoya-mpilo owakha amanzi futhi ngaleyo ndlela kugcine izitho zangaphakathi nezinhlobo zawo ziphila.
Ama-gill blades noma ama-gill atholakala ekhanda lesilwane, ngemuva nje.
Ukuze inqubo yokuphefumula i-gill igcwaliseke, kuyadingeka ukuthi isilwane sasolwandle simunce umoya-mpilo emanzini, kunezindlela eziningi zokwenza lokho, kungaba ngamaza olwandle asizungezile noma ngosizo lwesitho esibizwa nge-operculum.
Umoya-mpilo omunca isilwane uthunyelwa egazini lesilwane noma, ukwehluleka lokho, uthunyelwa kolunye uketshezi olufeza umsebenzi ofanayo nowegazi elibizwa nge-hemolymph. Lapho umoya-mpilo usuthathe lolu hambo, lo gesi wenza ukuphefumula kwamaselula ngenxa yemitochondria.
Lapho umoya-mpilo usuwenzile umsebenzi wawo emzimbeni wesilwane, ukhishwa njenge-carbon dioxide emanzini. Kuyadingeka ukuthi le gesi ikhishwe emzimbeni wesilwane ukugwema ubuthi.
Izilwane eziphefumula i-Gill
- URanas
- Pulpo
- Clam
- Shark
- Pulpo
- I-Stingray
- Unogwaja wasolwandle
- Itende
- Izibungu
- Ama-Newts
Izinhlobo zasolwandle kufanele zinakekelwe ngabantu, ngalunye lunesizathu sokuba khona nangokuba khona; Uma kungekho ukwehluka ezilwaneni zomhlaba, izinqubo ezifanayo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zomuntu zingathinteka.
Kungakho-ke kufanele sazi ngemfucuza ephonswa olwandle, siyeke ukwenza lolu hlobo lokunganaki, kuqinisekisa ukuthi impilo yezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zasolwandle ihlala isikhathi eside.