Ubuwazi ukuthi kwezinye izinhlobo zomoya-mpilo ungena ngqo ezicutshini?
Ngiyazi ukuthi kuzwakala sengathi kuyahlanya, ngoba iningi labo linalo lelo phethini emakhanda alo lapho umoya-mpilo ungena khona ngamakhala, ufinyelela emaphashini lapho kushintshaniswa khona amagesi negazi kwenzeka ku-alveoli, kodwa kwezinye izinhlobo, njengoba kunjalo ngezinambuzane, inqubo ihluke ngokuphelele, ngoba ayibandakanyi isenzo sohlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi, futhi ibizwa ngokuthi ukuphefumula komqolo.
Izinhlobo ezihlakulela lolu hlobo lokuphefumula ifakwe ama-tracheae, engena emzimbeni, okwenza uhlelo lwamashubhu anezindonga eziqiniswe ngamasongo akhiwe nge-chitin. Ama-tracheas yiwo avumela ukudlula komoya kuhlelo lohlobo.
Ama-arachnids nama-arthropods ezinye zezibonelo zezilwane ezakha ukuphefumula kohlobo lwe-tracheal.
Incazelo yokuphefumula kwe-trachea
Luhlobo lokuphefumula, olungachazwa njengokuqondile, ngoba umoya unikezwa amaseli, ngaphandle kokudinga igazi njengoketshezi lokuhamba, njengoba kunjalo nokuphefumula kubantu.
Uhlelo lokuphefumula lwezinambuzane luqhuba i- umoya-mpilo ngqo kumaseli, lapho kususwa khona imfucuza (isikhutha) ukuyiyisa ngaphandle. Iqukethe ukuxhuma kwezinhlobo zamashubhu, ezibhekene nokwethula amagesi okuphefumula emzimbeni kanye nokwenza ukushintshaniswa kwamagesi ezingeni lamaseli. Umoya ungena ngochungechunge lwezikhala ezivulelekile zangaphandle ezibizwa ngokuthi imimoya eholela kwinethiwekhi yamashubhu abizwa nge-tracheae. Lawa ma-tracheae aphindela kaningi ku-tracheae.
Ukuphefumula kwetracheal kwenzeka kanjani?
Njengokwejwayelekile kwezinambuzane namanye ama-arthropods asemhlabeni, lolu hlobo lokuphefumula lwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi lezi zilwane zinochungechunge lwamashubhu, abizwa ngokuthi ama-tracheae, avuleka ngaphandle ngemigodi ebizwa nge-stigmata. Lezi yizakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu kunqubo.
Ama-tracheas, afana nohlelo lwamapayipi, angena kuzo zonke izingxenye zomzimba okuyi kusungula ukuxhumana okubalulekile okuvumela ukushintshaniswa kwamagesi: i-oxygen (O2kanye ne-carbon dioxide (CO2), yenziwa ngqo kuwo wonke amaseli. Umoya udonswa ngezinhlamba zangaphambili, ezifaka isisu salezi zinhlobo.Ngemva kokuba amahlazo esevaliwe, kuyabhekwa ukuthi isisu senkontileka nekhabhoni dioksidi ekhishwe iphuma ngezinhlamba ezingemuva.
Ukushintshaniswa kwegesi ekuphefumuleni kwetracheal, kwenziwa ngokulandela inqubo yenqubo yomzimba ebizwa ngokuthi ukusabalalisa, lapho umkhiqizo we-gradient yokuhlushwa komsakazo womoya ofakiwe, kanye nokuhlushwa lapho kutholakala khona into kumaseli, kukhuthaza ukukhishwa igesi engathandeki emzimbeni (CO2), nokumuncwa komoya-mpilo obalulekile. Ngenxa yokuthi sinokuxinana okuphezulu lapho kungena khona umoya, le gesi idlula isuka kuma-tracheas iye kumaseli idlule ezimbotsheni zezingqamuzana zeseli, kuze kube yilapho izingqinamba ezinhlangothini zombili zilingana, futhi lapho kuhlangana khona inqubo iyama.
Kwenzeka into efanayo nange-carbon dioxide, noma kungenxa yokuphambana, ngoba amaseli ayikhiqiza njengomkhiqizo ovela ekuphenduleni kwawo ukuthola amandla. Ngakho-ke, ukuminyaniswa kwaleli gesi ngaphakathi kwamaseli kuphakeme kakhulu kunasemoyeni, ngakho-ke kudlulela ngasetreacheae ukulinganisa ukugxila kwalo.
Izakhiwo ezihilelekile
Ukuthuthwa komoya, okuthathwe emvelweni, kwenziwa ngempumelelo ezintweni eziphilayo ezifeza ukuphefumula kwetreacheal, ngenxa yesenzo esihlanganyelwe sochungechunge lwezakhiwo, phakathi kwazo okufanele sikusho:
- Ama-Tracheas: Lokhu kungukufakwa kwesibalo, okuletha isembozo, noma i-cuticle, eshintshwa ngesikhathi sokushintsha kwesikhumba. Usayizi walesi sakhiwo ungaphansi kwamamilimitha angu-0.8. Ama-tracheas aphumela ngaphakathi kwesilwane futhi abe mncane, ukuze angeniswe kuzo zonke izicubu. Ngale ndlela, zifinyelela eduze kwawo wonke amaseli ezinambuzane, ngendlela efanayo nendlela ama-capillaries egazi enza ngayo emzimbeni womuntu.
- Amahlazo noma imiphefumulo: Ukuvulwa esikuthola phakathi kukadachea ebusweni bomzimba kubizwa ngokuthi yi-blowhole noma i-stigma, futhi lokhu kutholakala, ezifundeni ezibizwa nge-: mesothorax, metathorax nesisu. Ukuvalwa komoya kuvame ukulawulwa ngamaphayiphu asebenza ngemisipha. Kuyisici esibalulekile semimoya, noma izimbotshana zokuphefumula, ukuthi zivame ukuvikelwa ezinambuzaneni eziningi ngezinwele ezincane, umsebenzi wazo ofana nalowo wesihlungi esivimbela ukungena kwezinhlayiya zothuli nezincane.
- Ama-Tracheoles: Bangamagatsha angena ngisho nasemangqamuzaneni emisipha, futhi kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi udonga lwawo lucekeceke kakhulu, olungavumeli ukushintshaniswa kwamahhala kwamagesi namanzi. Ama-tracheae ambozwe ngoswidi olwaziwa ngokuthi i-hemolymph, olufanayo olugeza izicubu.
Ukubaluleka kokuphefumula
Ukuphefumula kungachazwa njengesenzo esibaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwemisebenzi ebalulekile, futhi lokhu kusekelwa yiqiniso elingenakuphikwa lokuthi zonke izinqubo zihlobene nokusabela kwe-oxidation nokwehlisa, noma kungaphakathi kwezinto eziphilayo, ukukhula kokuphendula kudinga i-oxygen. Izenzo zokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli nokwenziwa kabusha ziyenziwa, ngenxa yobukhona balesi sici. Ukubaluleka kwaso ezinqubeni zemetabolic, nasekukhipheni ubuthi, nakho kuyaziwa.
Ukutholakala kwayo kubaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba izinhlobo zezilwane azikwazi ukuqhubeka ziphila ingekho.