Yizinto ezincane eziphilayo ezingakhula kuzo zonke izinhlobo zemvelo, ngaphezu kokuba nobukhulu nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, amabhaktheriya ayizidalwa ezinama-unicellular angenawo amandla okuba ne-nucleus, futhi alinganiselwa cishe kuma-micrometer ayi-0,5 no-5 ubude.
Imijikelezo yamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo incike kubhaktheriya, ngoba iyakwazi ukwenza umjikelezo womkhathi we-nitrogen, inamandla okuba nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ezinjenge-vibrios, i-bacilli, i-cocci ne-spirilli. Ukuphefumula kungenye yezinqubo ezibaluleke kakhulu zanoma yisiphi isidalwa esiphilayo noma isidalwa, futhi bangaphefumula ngezindlela ezimbili: ngokuvivinya umzimba nangokubhebhezela komzimba, konke kuncike ohlotsheni okukhulunywa ngalo nokuthi lukhula kanjani.
Lezi ziphakathi kwezidalwa eziningi kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, ngeqiniso elilula lokuba ngamaseli eukaryotic, ngokungafani nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo njengezitshalo, izilwane, phakathi kwezinye. Amagciwane ayashintshaniswa futhi ahlukaniswe ngokokuma kwawo, okuzonikezwa incazelo emfushane ngayinye yazo ngezansi.
Yiziphi izinhlobo zamagciwane?
Ama-vibrios
Zinesimo esifana ncamashi nesamaconsi, njengaleyo yokuxhuma noma ukuncipha kwenyanga noma eyaziwa kangcono njengenyanga yenyanga. Bayakwazi ukukhiqiza izifo ezithathelwanayo, ezihlobene nohlelo lokugaya ukudla kanye nekholera, okudala ukuthi umuntu onegciwane ahlushwe ukuhlanza ngisho nohudo, lokhu kutholakala ezindaweni ezinamanzi amancane amile nosawoti.
I-Bacilli
Lezi zibonakala ngokuba nesimo esinjengenduku noma segatsha. Futhi zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili, ezincike kukhwalithi ethile abangayethula, kanye nokulandelayo:
- Okubi Okukhulu: yigciwane elingenamandla okuzinamathisela ezindongeni zeseli, futhi alinambazi onsomi ngokuya ngamabala wegran.
- Okuhle kakhulu: yibhaktheriya elikwaziyo ukuzinamathisela ezindongeni zamaseli kanye nokubala umbala onsomi.
Ngoba ayigciwane le-pathogenic, ama-bacilli kwezinye izimo awakwazi ukukhiqiza izifo kumthwali wawo.
Amakhukhunathi
Zinesimo esiyindilinga, esinjengebhola, esikwaziyo ukudala izifo ezifana nalezi: i-pneumococcus ne-staph. Lokhu futhi kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukaniswe ukwakheka kwazo:
- Amasu: kukhona ama-bacteria ayi-4 ndawonye (ahlukaniswe ngokungafani).
- Ama-diclones: angamagciwane amabili kuphela, ahlala ndawonye, ngababili.
- Ama-Sarcinas: zibonakaliswa ngokuba kweqembu lama-cubic.
Imimoya
Lezi zinesimo sokuvunguza, esingahle sihlotshaniswe nama-eddies, Akhona izwela ngokweqile emvelweni futhi zidluliselwa ngqo, ngoba ngesikhathi sokuxhumana nemvelo zingafa, lezi zingaphezu kwazo zonke lezo zokudluliswa kwezocansi, njenge-syphilis ngokwesibonelo.
Amagciwane futhi anezinhlobo eziningana ze-metabolism, lokhu kungenxa yokuhlukaniswa kwama-microorganisms awo amaselula, futhi ukuqala kwawo kwekhabhoni, phakathi kwawo kukhona:
- Ama-Autotrophs: ibopha isikhutha futhi uthola i-carbon emsulwa.
- Ama-Phototrophs: Basebenzisa ukukhanya ngenqubo ye-photosynthesis njengezitshalo.
- Ama-Heterotrophs: basebenzisa izinhlanganisela zemvelo ukuzondla.
- Ama-Chemotrophs: Banesici sokwenza zombili izinhlobo zokuphefumula, kanye ne-aerobic ne-anaerobic, ngenqubo yamakhemikhali engenziwa yilo kuphela.
Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi amabhaktheriya anamandla okuzala kabusha, ngoba ayizidalwa ezingama-unicellular, awanakho okunye angakwenza ngaphandle kokufaka inqubo yokwandisa noma yokukhula, bese enza ukuhlukana, lapho i-DNA iphindaphindeka khona bese i-cytoplasm iyahlukana, okuholela esitokisini esisha kuso, esivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ngamaseli endodakazi. Kodwa-ke, kunamanye amabhaktheriya ashintshana kuphela ngezinto zofuzo ngenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ebizwa ngokuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwamagciwane.
Indlela YeBacteria Breathing
Ngoba abanayo i-mitochondria, eyi ama-organelles anomthwalo wokuhlanganisa amandla asuselwa ekusebenzeni kweselir, amabhaktheriya asebenzisa ulwelwesi lwe-plasma ukuphefumula, kepha kunezinhlobo ezimbili, ezizocaciswa ngezansi:
Uhlobo lwe-aerobic lokuphefumula kwamagciwane
Kulolu hlobo, amabhaktheriya asebenzisa i-cytoplasm ngqo, ukwenza inqubo yabo yokuphefumula, amabhaktheriya e-aerobic ngokuvamile awanayo i-mitochondria, kungalesi sizathu ukuthi amunca i-oxygen ngqo kulwelwesi lwawo, olubasiza ukuthi bakhiphe amandla abalulekile ku-glucose.
Ibuye isebenzise i-glucose njengomthombo onamandla, lokhu ngokungangabazeki kungenxa yenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yokwehliswa kwamakhemikhali, engachazwa ngezigaba ezimbili:
- Umjikelezo weKrebs: inqubo yokuphefumula yenzeka ngaphakathi kwe-mitochondria lapho kukhona khona umoya-mpilo.
- Ezokuthutha ze-Electron: inqubo yokuphefumula yenzeka esiqwini se-mitochondria, esebenza njengokukhishwa kwamandla.
- I-Glycolysis: inqubo yokuphefumula yale nqubo yenziwa ngaphakathi kwe-mitochondria ngaphandle kokufanisa ubukhona be-oxygen.
Indlela ye-Anaerobic yokuphefumula kwamagciwane
Ngoba lolu hlobo lwamabhaktheriya alunawo ama-organelles okwenza ukushintshaniswa kwegesi okudingekayo, amabhaktheriya e-anaerobic abonakala ngenqubo yokuvutshelwa okuthi ezimweni eziningi, uma kungenjalo konke, umoya-mpilo ungababulala.
Lokhu kuholela kufayela le- ukulahleka komoya-mpilo kuma-molecule. Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zokuphefumula kwala mabhaktheriya zikhiqizwa nge-lactic fermentation kanye nokuvutshelwa kotshwala.
- Ukuvutshelwa kwe-Lactic: Udoti wayo oyinhloko ubisi lwe-asidi futhi luyakwazi ukuguqula ushukela lube ngamandla we-metabolic obaluleke kakhulu ekusindeni kwalo, futhi yonke le nqubo yenzeka ku-cytoplasm yamaseli.
- Ukuvutshelwa kotshwala: Kuyinqubo ye-anaerobic ekhiqizwa isenzo semvubelo futhi yona, iyakwazi ukuguqula ushukela ube utshwala.