Uma sibheka ngakithi, siyabona, ngaphandle komzamo omkhulu ukuthi konke kuguquka njalo, akukho lutho endaweni yemvelo noma yamasiko emile, kunezinguquko ezenzeka kancane kancane kunezinye, kepha konke, konke konke, kuguquka njalo.
Kuleli qiniso izinhlobo eziphilayo aziphunyuki, okwenzelwe thina, ukuqonda kwethu, ngoba yile ndlela esibabone ngayo, yileyo ndlela esibazi ngayo futhi esingahlala sinjalo phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwethu, kepha labo abazinikele ekuzifundeni ngokungathi sína nangendlela yesayensi , yazi ukuthi uhlobo ngalunye lwezinto eziphilayo esizaziyo neziseduze kwethu, kungumphumela wochungechunge lwezinguquko futhi luzoqhubeka lube njalo, inqobo nje uma kukhona ukuphila emhlabeni. Ngoba impilo ingukuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo.
Manje, kusukela ezikhathini zokuqala zesintu kube nokuqagela mayelana nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezikhona emhlabeni futhi kungabuzwa ukuthi yiziphi izindlela ezibangela ukwehluka kwamafomu nemisebenzi eyenziwa yizinhlobo ezahlukene? Noma abantu bangena kanjani kulesi sigaba esihle sempilo?
Ake sibheke umlando kancane
Imibono eminingi yokuqala ngemvelaphi yokuphila ihlobene nomlingo noma inkolo. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi izinto eziphilayo zazakhiwe ngezinto ezingaphili. Imibono enjalo yesizukulwane esizenzekelayo yaqala emuva esikhathini sezazi zefilosofi ezingamaGreki u-Anaximander no-Aristotle. Kwabaningi bekubonakala kusobala, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi izibungu zezimpukane zenziwa ngokuzenzekelayo kusuka enyameni ebolile. Ngo-1861 usokhemisi ongumFulentshi nodokotela wamagciwane ULouis Pasteur nakanjani wathuthukisa imfundiso yokuzalwa okuzenzakalelayo.
Emakhulwini eminyaka edlule, inkolo ibe nomthelela onqumayo ekubukekeni komhlaba kwemiphakathi: amakholwa abheka ukwenziwa kwezinto eziphilayo njengesenzo sikaNkulunkulu wabo noma abanye onkulunkulu. Imiphakathi yamaJudao-Christian, ngokwesibonelo, yemukele ubuqiniso bangempela bendalo, njengoba kubhaliwe kuhlobo lweTestamente Elidala. Le nkolelo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-creationism, ithi izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo zadalwa nguNkulunkulu, zisesimo sazo samanje, nokuthi lokhu akukwazi ukuguquka. Kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX, ososayensi abaningi bayivumela le ndlela, futhi nanamuhla amaKrestu amaningi asabambelele eqinisweni elingokoqobo lohlobo lwezakhi zofuzo. Noma kunjalo, umbono wesayensi ushintshile ngenxa yokutholwa okuthile okuphawulekayo eyenziwe izazi zemvelo kanye nokwakheka komhlaba kulo lonke ikhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX.
Ngama-1730 isazi semvelo saseSweden uCarolus Linnaeus (Carlvon Linné) waseSpain uLinnaeus, wayesethathe umsebenzi wakhe omusha wokukhomba ubuhlalu obuphakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ngokuzihlelela ngokwamaqembu.
(Taxonomy) lokhu kuholele ekutheni kubhekisiswe ukufana okukhona phakathi kwezinhlobo ezithile. Ucwaningo lwe-anatomical luqale ukuveza ukuthi izinto eziphilayo ezihluke kakhulu ekuboneni kokuqala zingabelana kanjani ngezici ezithile zesakhiwo, kuphakamise ukuqagela ngohlobo oluthile lobudlelwano noma ubudlelwane bemvelaphi phakathi kwabo.
Okungaphansi komhlaba
Izazi zokwakheka komhlaba zathola ukuthi amadwala aqukethe izingqimba ezahlukahlukene (imicu), eyakhiwa ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene. Lezi zingqimba zamadwala zakudala ngaphambi kwanoma yiluphi usuku olubekwe yisonto lokwakhiwa komhlaba.
Ezinye izingqimba zaziqukethe izinsalela zezinsalela zezilwane nezitshalo eyayiphila ngesikhathi lapho kwakhiwa idwala: eziningi zalezi zinsalela zazingezinto ezingaziwa emhlabeni wanamuhla. Kumafossil of strata alandelanayo, ukufana kwesakhiwo kungahlukaniswa obekumelela izinto eziphilayo ezaziphila ngezikhathi ezilandelanayo zesikhathi esedlule. Amadala amadwala ababekuwo, amafomu okuphila alula futhi akudala kakhulu.
Konke lokhu kusikisela ukuthi izidalwa zanamuhla zivela ezinhlotsheni zokuphila zasendulo, ezazenze inqubo yokushintsha kancane kancane, okungukuthi, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Imibono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo
Ekuqaleni kwakungelula kangako emhlabeni ukwamukela ubufakazi bokuvela kwemvelo, yize kwakuthambeka. Isikhathi eside, isonto, ngaphandle kokuphikisana noma ubufakazi obufanele bokuphika, iqiniso lombhalo wezinsalela, laphakamisa ukuthi uNkulunkulu ubeke izinsalela emadwaleni ngesikhathi sokudala ukuze avivinye ukholo lwamakholwa.
U-Erasmus DarwinUdokotela waseBrithani, isazi sefilosofi kanye nembongi, wayengumbhali womunye wemibono yokuqala yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. U-Erasmus Darwin uphakamise ukuthi impilo yathuthuka ivela emthonjeni owodwa, futhi wachaza ukubaluleka komzabalazo wempilo nokukhethwa ngokocansi njengendlela yokuguqula inguquko. Imibono yakhe eminingi yathonya umzukulu wakhe, isazi semvelo UCharles Darwin, ogama lakhe lokuziphendukela kwemvelo laba nomthelela ohlala njalo ku-biology. Kodwa-ke, umbhali wenkolelo yokuqala ejwayelekile yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yisazi semvelo saseFrance uJean- U-Baptiste de Lamarck.
UJean- Baptiste de Lamarck
UJean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, uKnight waseLamarck, wayengumuntu ohlonishwayo kodwa onempikiswano. Ubizwa ngokuthi unikeze igama kwisayensi ye- "Biology" futhi wayengumbhali odumile wesifundo ku-flora yaseFrance. Ubuye futhi wabhala umqulu wemibhalo eyisikhombisa nge "ezingenamgogodla," igama alethula ukuchaza izilwane ngaphandle kwamathambo omgogodla. Intshisekelo yakhe yadlulela kweminye imikhakha, kufaka phakathi i-geology kanye nokufunda ngezinsalela ze-paleontology, futhi yize ekuqaleni wayekholelwa ukuthi izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zazingashintshi ngawo-1790s waphendukela enkolelweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
ULamarck, waqiniseka ukuthi izinto eziphilayo zashintsha zaba yinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe. Ubuye futhi waphetha ngokuthi izinhlobo zezinsalela okuthiwa zazingasekho azange zinyamalale, kepha zazivele ziguquke zaba yizinhlobo zesimanjemanje nokuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwakuyinto eyenzeka kancane kancane. U-Lamarck unikele enkolelweni yokuthi izakhiwo umzimba uyaqiniswa futhi uthuthuke ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwayo okuphindaphindwayo, nokuthi izingxenye ezingasetshenziswanga zenziwa buthakathaka noma zinciphe: umbono wokusetshenziswa nokungasetshenziswa Ngendlela efanayo ngiyavuma ukuthi lezi zinhlamvu ezitholwe ngesikhathi sokuphila kwezinto eziphilayo zingadluliselwa enzalweni yazo.
Umfanekiso odumile waleli qiniso intamo ende yendlulamithi. Ngokuya ngomcabango wokusetshenziswa noma wokungasetshenziswa, imizamo yezindlulamithi yokufinyelela emaqabungeni amagatsha aphakeme ingadala ukwanda kwentamo futhi inzalo yabo izodla ifa lo mlingiswa otholakele ngakho-ke inezintamo ezinde kancane. Ngakho-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nangezizukulwane eziningi, inani lezindlulamithi ezinentamo ende belizoguquka.
ULamarck washicilela umbono wakhe wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwiZoological Philosophy futhi wagxekwa kakhulu. Igama lakhe lihlala lixhunyaniswe ngendlela engafanele nomqondo odicilelwe phansi wefa labalingiswa abatholwayo, obizwa ngokuthi yi-lamarquism.
Ngisho noCharles Darwin uphakamise indlela efanayo yefa, ayibiza nge-pangenesis. Kuphela ukutholwa kabusha, ngo-1900, kwe- Ukuhlolwa kofuzo kukaMendel kungenza isithombe esinembe kakhudlwana ngefa sivele.
Okwamanje kuyaziwa ukuthi izici ezizuzwe njengefa kubazali bazo yinzalo zitholwa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, okungukuthi, zidluliselwa, ngohlobo lwezakhi zofuzo, yi-DNA yesidoda kanye neqanda lezinto zikayise nezomama futhi lokhu akuthintwa yindlela yokuphila yamuva yalezi zinto eziphilayo. Yize i-DNA ingashintshwa yizinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo nangezici ezahlukahlukene zemvelo, njengemisebe ye-ionizing, ayinakuguqulwa yindlela izinto eziphilayo eziziphatha ngayo.
UbuDarwin
Ngo-1858, isazi semvelo saseBrithani u-Alfred Russel Wallace wathumela uDarwin umbhalo onesihloko sokuthambekela kwezinhlobonhlobo zokuchezuka unomphela kohlobo lwangempela, ngokususelwa ezifundweni zakhe zezilwane zeziqhingi zaseMalay, i-Indonesia yanamuhla. Lo sosayensi wayebonile ukuthi lezi zinhlobo zase-Asia. Babethuthuke kakhulu kumagama wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kunabase-Australia futhi wasikisela ukuthi babenakho savela ngemuva kokuhlukaniswa kwamazwekazi amabili.
UDarwin wamangala ukuthola ukuthi uWallace wafundelwa umphakathi waseLinnaean waseLondon, kepha akekho noDarwin noWallace ababekhona kanti lomcimbi awuzange uvuse isithakazelo esincane.
NgoNovemba 1859 uDarwin washicilela imvelaphi yezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngokukhethwa kwemvelo noma ngokulondolozwa kwezinhlanga ezithandwayo emzabalazweni wempilo. Kule ncwadi uDarwin wabona ukuthi uWallace usefinyelele iziphetho ezifanayo nezami ngemvelaphi yezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Umbono kaDarwinian wokuzikhethela kwemvelo ufingqiwe kula maphuzu alandelayo:
- Ukuhluka kwesimo kungatholakala phakathi kwabantu banoma yiluphi uhlobo, usayizi, umbala, phakathi kokunye, kwezici zayo eziningi.
- Izinhlobo ezikhiqiza kabusha ngokocansi zinenzalo eningi kakhulu kunaleyo edingekayo ukuze kugcinwe inani labantu kubantu.
- Ngokwesilinganiso, noma yimuphi umuntu unethuba elincane kuphela lokusinda ekuvuthweni ngokocansi.
- Lona amathuba okusinda Kungaba kukhulu uma umuntu enezici ezithile zosayizi, ukuma, umbala, phakathi kwamahora amenza ajwayele kangcono imvelo yakhe. Ngemuva kwalokho kuthiwa inenzuzo ekhethiwe ngaphezu kontanga yayo.
- Abantu abahlonyiselwe kangcono ukuhlala emvelweni yabo kuze kube yilapho bevuthwa ngokocansi bazoba nethuba elingcono lokuphinda bazalise futhi badlulisele izici ezinhle enzalweni yabo.
- Ngakolunye uhlangothi, labo bantu abanezici ezibenza bancishe amathuba okusinda ekuvuthweni ngokocansi bazoba nezingane ezimbalwa futhi bangabi namathuba amancane okudlulisa izici zabo.
- Ngemuva kwezizukulwane eziningi inani lezizukulwane ezinezici ezithandekayo liyokhula futhi isibalo nenombolo enezici ezingekho esimweni esihle kuzokwehla.
Incwadi kaDarwin yabangela ihlazo, futhi umlobi wayo waxoshwa njengendabuko. Okunye ukuphikisana okuyinhloko ngombono kaDarwin kwakuwukuthi kwakusho ukungabi bikho komehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwabantu nezilwane "eziphansi", ngokusho kukaDarwin abantu bamane bavela kakhulu kunezinye izinyamazane ezifana nama-lemurs, izinkawu nezinye izinkawu. Ngaleso sikhathi, ngaleso sikhathi lo mbono wawuphikisana nezimiso eziyisisekelo zenkolo.
Nokho, UDarwin wasekelwa ngokuqinile yiqembu elibalulekile lososayensi bangaleso sikhathi. Imibono kaDarwin yanqoba futhi ekugcineni yazuza ukujwayela kabanzi. Namuhla kuwumqondo owamukelwa kabanzi wokuthi indoda yesimanje (homo sapiens) yavela kokhokho abanjengezinkawu.
Ukukhethwa kwemvelo
Ubunzima ekutadisheni ukukhetha nokuziphendukela kwemvelo ezinhlotsheni eziphilayo kakhulu kuxhomeke kunqubo ehamba kancane kancane yenqubo. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izici ezithinta amathuba okusinda zingashintsha ngokushesha: ukuziphendukela kwemvelo akuthathi izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlobo zezilwane ezisongelwa izilwane ezidla ezinye zingashintsha ngokushesha okukhulu, ngokukhetha kwemvelo, ukunciphisa usongo lokubanjwa.
Ukukhethwa kwemvelo kufundwa kalula ezintweni eziphilayo ezinesikhathi esifushane sokukhiqiza. Amagciwane, ngokwesibonelo, angaba nesikhathi sokukhiqiza semizuzu engama-20 kuphela, ukuze ukukhetha kwemvelo kukhiqize izinguquko ezibalulekile kulezi zilwane ngesikhathi esifushane.
Umbono wanamuhla
Uhlobo lwesimanje lwethiyori kaDarwin, iNeo-Darwinism, eyaziwa nangokuthi yi-synthesis yesimanje noma ithiyori yokwenziwa, ihlanganisa ulwazi lwekhulu lama-XNUMX kuzakhi zofuzo nakwezinye izinkambu ezihlobene nemibono yasekuqaleni kaDarwin. Uphenyo ngo ukuthi izakhi zofuzo ziziphatha kanjani kubantu zezinto eziphilayo futhi izifundo zamanje zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zibuye zaqinisekisa ukubaluleka kokukhethwa kwemvelo. Ku-paleontology, le ndlela yokwenziwa inikeze imininingwane ngezigqi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngesikhathi sokwakheka komhlaba.