Kuleli gatsha lezesayensi, isithunzi saziwa ngokuhlungwa kwento, lapho kunganqunywa khona ukuthi kungakanani i-solute edingekayo ukuze kukwazi ukuncibilikisa enye into, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi leli yunithi elihlinzekwa yi-International System Of amayunithi.
Ngokusetshenziswa okulungile kwe-molality, yazi ukugxila ngqo kwento ethile, futhi kuzokwazi futhi ukuthola ukuthi ungakanani ubukhulu be-solvent, obudinga kakhulu ukwazi ukuqonda ubuningi bezinto zombili (i-solute ne-solvent) kanye nokuthakazelisa kwazo.
Uhlelo lokulungiselela ukukwazi ukubona ubuningi bezinto ngokuvamile aluyona inkimbinkimbi njengaleyo yomthamo, ngoba akudingekile ukusebenzisa ibhodlela levolumetric, kepha kunalokho, kusetshenziswa i-beaker kanye nebhalansi yokuhlaziya. kwanele ukwenza isivivinyo.
I-Molality inezinzuzo ezingaphezu kwe-molarity, ngoba ngenxa yezindlela zayo akuxhomekile ezintweni ezithinta njengokushisa nokucindezela, ngoba akususelwe ikakhulu ekubalweni kwevolumu ezintweni ezifundiwe.
UMolality (Ukuhlushwa)
I-Molality ichazwa njengokugxila kwesixazululo, ukukhuluma ngokusobala ngamagama amakhemikhali, abhekisa kwifayela le- ubudlelwane noma ingxenye engaba khona phakathi kwezinto ezimbili, eyaziwa kule ndlela njenge-solute nesixazululo, noma into ezoncibilika.
I-Molality yaziwa nangokuthi igama elisetshenziselwa ukukhombisa ukuthi kwenziwa ukuhlushwa, okubandakanya ukwandisa inani le-solute ku-solvent, ngenkathi inqubo ephikisanayo yaziwa ngokuthi yi-dilution.
Ukuqonda kangcono le nqubo, into ebizwa ngokuthi i-solute iyona encibilikayo, kanti i-solvent yiyo yonke leyo nto ekwazi ukuncibilikisa abanye. Futhi, ukuncibilika kungumphumela wenhlanganisela efanayo eyenziwe ngaphambilini ngezinto ezimbili esesikhulume ngazo.
Ngenkathi kunenani elincane le-solute engxenyeni, ukwehla kokuhlushwa, futhi lapho sikhuluma ngenani elikhulu le-solute ku-solvent, ukugxila kungaba okulingana kakhulu, okusho ukuthi isisombululo asiyona nje ingxube efanayo mhlawumbe izinto ezimbili noma ngaphezulu.
Ukuncibilika
Leli yigama elisetshenziselwa ukuthola inani eliphakeme le-solute elingaba khona kwisinyibilikisi, esincike ngokuphelele kwezinye izinto ezinjengamazinga okushisa noma ingcindezi imvelo noma izingxenye ezifanayo ezingaletha, kanye nezinye izinto ezazincibilikiswe ngaphambilini. Noma ezisesimweni sokumiswa.
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kunenani elithile lapho i-solute ingasakwazi ukuncibilikiswa yi-solvent, futhi uma lokhu kwenzeka kunqunywa ukuthi into ethile igcwele ngokugcwele, isibonelo salokhu kungaba lapho ithisipuni likashukela lifakwa kulo ingilazi yamanzi, uma okuqukethwe kunyakaziswa kuzokwazi ukubona ukuthi ushukela uncibilika kanjani, kodwa uma into leyo ingeziwe kuzobhekwa ukuthi ushukela uzoyeka kanjani ukuncibilika futhi uzohlala untanta emanzini, kuze kufike lapho ifinyelela phansi kwengilazi. Le nqubo ingenziwa futhi uma izinga lokushisa lishintshwa, ngokwesibonelo ngokufudumeza amanzi, ngoba le nqubo ingashintshwa ngesici sokushisa, impela iye endaweni ethile, futhi uma amanzi esepholile, uzotholakala njenge umphumela kungenzeka ukuthi ushukela omncane uncibilike emanzini.
Yiziphi izindlela zokuveza ukuzwelana?
Kubili okukhona izindlela eziyisisekelo zokukala ukuhlushwa (molality) ezintweni, ezinamanani nobungako, kube ngeyokuqala ngohlobo lwezinombolo, ezisetshenziswa lapho ufuna ukwazi inani elifanele njengobumbano, ukuhleleka, ukujwayeleka kanye nezingxenye ngesigidi, kuyilapho lezo zekhwalithi zinamandla imiphumela, ngakho-ke ubuningi bezinto ezisesixazululweni abaziwa ncamashi.
Ukuhlushwa okulinganiselwe
Lolu hlobo lolwazi lobungako bokubukeka kwezixazululo lusetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlolweni kwesayensi, kanye nasezinqubeni zezimboni, ngoba zinembile, ngoba zikhombisa inani ngqo lezinto.
Ukusetshenziswa kwesayensi, nezimboni ezinjengamakhemisi, phakathi kokunye, ukusetshenziswa kokugxila kwekhwalithi akusebenzi kahle, ngoba akunikezi inani eliqondile nelinqunyiwe nezinto, ngoba zinamandla hhayi ezinombolweni.
Imibandela yezixazululo zokubala imi kanje:
- Ukujwayelekile (N): inani lokulingana kwe-solute equkethwe ku-1 litre yesixazululo, engabonakala njenge: Ukulingana kwesolute / amalitha esixazululo, impahla yayo iyinani lesisombululo.
- Umumo: inani lama-moles we-solute ikhilogremu elilodwa kuphela, elingabonwa njenge: Ama-moles ama-solute / kilograms we-solvent, impahla yawo isisindo sesixazululo.
- Ubumbano: inani lama-moles we-solute aqukethwe ku-1 litre ye-solvent, engabonakala njenge: Ama-moles of solute / amalitha esisombululo, impahla yayo iyinani lesisombululo.
- Amaphesenti wesisindo: Amayunithi wesisindo we-solute aqukethwe kumayunithi wesisindo ayi-100, okungabonakala njenge: Amagremu esisombululo / amagremu ayi-100 wesisombululo, impahla yawo isisindo sesisombululo.
- Ukuhlushwa ngesisindo: isisindo se-solute esiqukethwe yiyunithi yevolumu yesixazululo, engabonakala njenge: Amagremu esixazululo / amalitha esixazululo, impahla yawo kungumthamo wesixazululo.
Izindlela zokuveza ukugxila ngalezi zindlela zobungako amaphesenti wobuningi noma wevolumu yevolumu, kanye nevolumu yesisindo, kanye nokuqina okuvele kwaziwa, umunyu, ukuhleleka, ukujwayeleka, ingxenyenamba yomhlathi. Lapho inani lincane impela, livezwa njengengxenye yesigidi, isigidigidi noma isigidigidi, ukumelwa kwabo ngemidwebo kulandelana ngokulandelayo: PPM, PPB, PPT.
Ukuhlunga okufanelekile
Ngale ndlela yokunquma inani le-solute ku-solvent, amasu wezinombolo awasetshenziswanga ngakho imiphumela ayisiyo ngqo, kepha kunalokho yaziwa ngokuba yi-empirical, enezigaba ngokuya ngenani lokuhlushwa, njengoba kunjalo ngokulandelayo.
Isunguliwe, igcwele futhi yagcwala ngokweqile
Ukugxilwa kwezixazululo, noma imixube ehambisanayo ingahlukaniswa, yebo-ke ukukhuluma ngokuncibilika, kuya ngokuthi isolute ichithwa yini ku-solvent, iholwa yinani layo.
- Isixazululo seSupersaturated: Lokhu kubhekisa lapho isixazululo siqukethe okuningi kakhulu kunokujwayelekile, okungukuthi, sidlula umkhawulo ovunyelwe, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izingxube zingafudunyezwa, futhi njengoba izinga lokushisa liyinto ethinta izixazululo, lokhu kungabamba ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, futhi noma ipholile ingaqhubeka iqukethe inani elifanayo nelalisashisa, yize ingaphazanyiswa ngisho nokunyakaza okuncane, iguqule ukwakheka kwayo, futhi iyenze isisombululo esigcwele.
- Isixazululo esigcwalisiwe: Kungashiwo ukuthi ingxube igcwele, lapho kukhona ukulingana phakathi kwezinto ezimbili ezaziwa ngokuthi i-solute ne-solvent, okungukuthi, inani lesilinganiso lanele, ngakho-ke lihlala lizinzile ngaphandle kwesidingo sokushintsha izici zokucindezela izinga lokushisa zibe ukwazi ukuqedela.
- Isixazululo esingagcwaliswanga: lolu hlobo lwesixazululo lungahlukaniswa lapho i-solute ingafinyeleli emazingeni aphezulu wokuqedwa, ngakho-ke awanakunciphisa izixazululi ngamandla azo aphelele.
Ngamanye amagama, kungashiwo ukuthi izixazululo ezingasetshenziswanga yilezo eziqukethe inani elincanyana le-solute, kunokuba zikwazi ukuncibilika, izixazululo ezigcwele yilezo eziqukethe inani eliphakeme kakhulu le-solute elingaba khona ku-solvent, ezingeni lokushisa elithile , futhi labo abathathelwe indawo yilawo aqukethe ngaphezu kwenani elivunyelwe le-solute ku-solvent, ezingeni lokushisa elinikeziwe lalowo mcimbi.
Ihlanjululwe noma yagxila
Lawa magama ajwayele ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ngokubambisana ngoba ifayela le- thenga izixazululo Zingahlukaniswa ngokuba buthakathaka noma ngamazinga aphansi ngokwengeziwe, ngenkathi lapho sikhuluma ngesisombululo esigxilile noma esihlanganisiwe, kulapho izinto zisemazingeni aphezulu kakhulu. Kuthiwa kuyisihlobo ngoba lokhu kungokwemvelo, ngakho-ke amazinga abo okuhlushwa awaziwa ncamashi, lokhu kungakhonjiswa ngezibonelo ezenzeka nsuku zonke empilweni yansuku zonke, njengalapho ufuna ukwenza ulamula ungabona uma uhlanjululwe noma kugxilwe ngombala noma ukunambitheka enakho.
Ukuze uqonde kancane ukuthi lezi zinhlobo zezixazululo zisho ukuthini, imiqondo enikezwe ngokuya ngamakhemikhali izokhonjiswa ngezansi, okulandelayo.
- Isixazululo esihlanjululwe: Ingesinye lapho i-solute ingaziswa khona ngamanani aphansi impela kumavolumu athile anikezwe umcimbi.
- Isixazululo esigxilwe: yilezo lapho inani le-solute lingabongwa kangcono kangcono, ngoba libukeka kakhulu.
Ezinye izindlela zokwazi ukugxila
Kunezinye izixazululo ezijwayeleke kakhulu kwamanye amagatsha esayensi nocwaningo lapho kudingeka kusetshenziswe ezinye izindlela noma ezinye izindlela, ngenxa yezici ezithile, phakathi kwazo okungashiwo okulandelayo.
Isikali seBaumé
Lesi yisikali esadalelwa ngokukhethekile usokhemisi nosokhemisi u-Antoine Baumé cishe ngonyaka we-1768, eduze nesikhathi lapho akwazi khona ukwakha i-aerometer yakhe, ayidala ngenhloso yokulinganisa ukugxila kwezinye izinto ezifana ne-acid ama-syrups, izici zesici salesi sikali kube ama-Baumé degrees, avame ukumelwa ngu-B noma ngu-Bé.
Isikali seBrix
Lesi sikali sisebenzisa njenge isici esiyinhloko seBrix degrees, okuvame ukufanekiselwa nge-Bx, futhi umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko ukuthola inani le-sucrose esixazululweni, okungukuthi, inani likashukela elingaqedwa kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwamanzi.
Ukuze kunqunywe izinga le-sucrose kuketshezi, ithuluzi elikhethekile elibizwa ngokuthi i-saccharimeter liyadingeka, elinamandla okulinganisa ubukhulu beziphuzo, ngokwesibonelo uma into inama-gramu ayi-25 e-Bx, kusho ukuthi kukhona amagremu angama-25 we-sucrose ngamagremu ayi-100 ketshezi.
Lesi yisikali esakhiwe ngokususelwa ezisekelweni zezinye izikali ezikwazi ukulinganisa ubuningi (ubuningi) bezixazululo, njengezinga leBalling noma lePlato, iBrix eyisici sezinto ezinoshukela, njengamajusi wezithelo. Izithelo, iwayini lezithelo nanoma yini efana nayo.
Ubukhulu
Impela akunakushiwo ukuthi ukuminyana kuyindlela yokucacisa ukugxila kwezinto, noma kunezici ezilingana nezokuhlushwa, inqobo nje uma zingaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo zengcindezi nezinga lokushisa, ngenxa yalokhu kungabonakala ukuthi ezimweni ezithile ukuminyana kwezixazululo kuvame ukushiwo esikhundleni sokuhlushwa.
Ukusetshenziswa kobuningi akusebenzi kakhulu, futhi imvamisa isetshenziselwa izixazululo ezibanzi kakhulu, kanye namanye amatafula okuguqulwa kobuningi abe yi-molality (ukugxila) kungashiwo yize lezi zinqubo zingasasetshenziswa kaningi.
Izincazelo zamaphesenti asetshenziswe kulezi zinqubo
Amaphesenti ajwayelekile kakhulu angasetshenziselwa ukwenza okunye kokuvivinya umzimba ukuthola izixazululo yilawo we-mass-mass, volume-volume and mass-volume, ngalinye linezici zalo.
Amaphesenti evolumu yevolumu
Ngalokhu kungenzeka ukuthi wazi futhi uzwakalise inani levolumu ethambile engaba khona kuwo wonke amayunithi wevolumu eyikhulu yesisombululo, ivolumu iyipharamitha ebaluleke kakhulu kulolu hlobo lwezixazululo, ngoba lezi zivame ukwenziwa ngezinto eziwuketshezi noma ezinegesi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inani levolumu yesalute isiyonke libhekisela kulo lonke inani levolumu yesisombululo.
Iphesenti leMisa-mass
Lokhu kuchazwa kalula, ngoba leli phesenti lifuna ukuveza inani lobunzima obuningi, kuwo wonke amayunithi angamakhulu esisindo esixazululweni, ukuqonda kangcono, uma ufaka amagremu ayi-20 kasawoti kumagremu angu-80 wamanzi, uzothola ama-20 % wenani eliphelele le-solute kusixazululo.
Amaphesenti evolumu yeMisa
Kuleli phesenti, izinto zalo zingasetshenziswa ukuthola umphumela wokuthi isisombululo sizoba yini, yize kunganconyiwe kakhulu ukufaka izinqubo esikhundleni, ngoba ezimweni eziningi kubanga ukudideka kubadlali.
Ukuhlushwa (ubukhulu) ubukhulu be-solute, buhlukaniswe ngevolumu yesixazululo ngamayunithi ayikhulu, kuyilapho ubukhulu bungumthamo wesixazululo ohlukaniswe ngobukhulu bawo, kulolu hlobo lwezinqubo ezivame ukuvezwa ngamagremu ngemililitha ngalinye ( g / ml)
Ukuze kwenziwe izibalo zala maphesenti ngendlela efanele, izincazelo ezimbili ezilandelayo kufanele zinakwe, ukuze kuzuzwe ukuphathwa okuphelele noma okungenani okusebenzayo.
- Umthetho wezinto ezintathu uyohlale usetshenziswa njengethuluzi eliyinhloko lokwenza izibalo zamanani ashiwo ngenhla.
- Kuzo zonke izimo isamba sobungako besihlanganisi kanye nobukhulu besixazululo bulingana nobukhulu besixazululo, lokhu kusho ukuthi isixazululo silingana nesamba se-solute ne-solvent.
Jwayelekile
Lokhu kuvezwa uhlamvu u-N futhi kuchazwa njengenani lama-solute equivalents, phakathi kwevolumu yesisombululo kumalitha, ukumela okulingana okusetshenziswa izinhlamvu eq-g, isolute isitatimende esifushanisiwe, ngenkathi amalitha esetshenziswa. imelwe imidwebo ngonhlokodolobha uL.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi kukhona i-Redox Normality, evame ukusetshenziselwa ukuphendula i-antioxidant noma i-ejenti yokwehlisa.
I-Molarity
Kuyaziwa njenge ukuhlushwa kwe-molar Imelwe ngemidwebo ngunhlokodolobha M, ichazwa njengokunqunywa kwenani lezinto ezixutshiwe kwilitha ngalinye lesisombululo.
Le yindlela ejwayelekile kunazo zonke ekhemistry esetshenziselwa ukucubungula ukugxila kwezinto, futhi ikakhulukazi lapho usebenza nobudlelwano be-stoichiometric kanye nokusabela kwamakhemikhali, yize inkinga ingatholwa phakathi nale nqubo, okuwukushisa okusetshenziselwa izinto, okuvame ukwenzeka njalo.
Ukuhleleka
Lokhu kwaziwa njengobukhulu bamangqamuzana noma ngobuchwepheshe obengeziwe njengenombolo yesisindo-ifomula-gramu engatholakala ngokuqhathaniswa nesisombululo, lokhu kuvame ukumelwa ngokusobala ngezimpawu ze-g7PFG.
Futhi njengokugcina kwalokhu sineMolality, okuyinto, njengoba sekuvele kwaziwa, yinani lama-moles of solute aqukethe ikhilogremu ngalinye le-solvent.
Kuhle kakhulu lonke ulwazi