Kuyini ukwakheka? Ababhali, izakhi kanye nezici

La umbono wesakhiwo, obizwa nangokuthi i-psychology yesakhiwo, ukuguqula isimo samanje: kusukela lapho isondela khona, umuntu uzibone ethwele umthwalo wokuziphatha kwakhe maqondana nokwazi kwakhe namakhono akhe okuthuthuka.

Le mbono yolwazi yathuthukiswa ngekhulu lama-XNUMX ngu UWilhelm Maximilian Wundt no-Edward Bradford Titchener, lapho kufundwa khona ingqondo yabantu abadala, ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezinjengokuzihlola okuvumela isiguli ukuba sikhulise imizwa yabo kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo kwangaphambilini, befuna noma yiluphi ushintsho olukhombisa imininingwane engaphezulu ngokuqukethwe kwangaphakathi komuntu womabili ngokomzwelo nangokwengqondo.

Kuyini ukwakheka?

Igama elithi psychology kwesakhiwo, libhekisa ekutadisheni izakhi zokwazi, linendlela yefilosofi ngokuphelele engacatshangiswanga emcabangweni owodwa njenge-anthropology yamasiko, i-linguistics noma iMarxism.

Inhloso eyinhloko yokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo ukukwazi ukungena kwezesayensi yabantu, kuhlongozwa ukuhlaziya indawo ethile, le ndawo ichazwa njengohlelo oluphelele olunezingxenye ezihlobene, okungukuthi, ikhwalithi yangaphakathi yesiguli wafuna kubhekwe njengesakhiwo, nakho, kunencazelo ngaphakathi kwesiko uqobo.

Incazelo uqobo enikezwa isakhiwo esishiwoyo icwaningwa ngokuphelele futhi ibuzwa ngaphambi kwalokho, ngoba lokhu, izindlela ezinjengokutadisha kokuziphatha umuntu anakho empilweni yakhe yansuku zonke ziyasetshenziswa.

Imisebenzi ejwayelekile kakhulu engasho ukuhanjiswa ukucindezelwa yisiguli, ngokuvamile, yimisebenzi yansuku zonke nemikhuba umuntu aseke wayisebenzisa empilweni yakhe; Isibonelo: indlela ophakela ngayo okusanhlamvu, ukuthi ulungisa kanjani ezinye izitsha, uya kangaki esontweni.

Ubusha obudalwe ukwakheka buqukethe ukwephula noma yimuphi umqondo wesakhiwo njengoba bususelwa ku-psychology "ejwayelekile". Lokhu, futhi, kuveza isidingo sokuqeda noma yisiphi isakhiwo sokubekisa.

Omunye wamaphayona kanye nabaveleli abakhulu balo mbono kwakungu-ethnographer kanye ne-anthropologist UClaude Lévi-Strauss, ohlaziye izenzeko zamasiko ezifana nezinganekwane nezinhlelo zobudlelwano.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umJalimane uWilhelm Maximilian Wundt, obegxile kakhulu ekwakheni le mfundiso futhi esezigabeni eziyinhloko zokutadisha kwakhe, wacabanga ukwenza isivivinyo elabhorethri yakhe, lapho athatha khona i-apula wabhala izici zayo. kuzinqubo zabo: linjani i-apula, libukeka kanjani, linjani ukunambitheka nokwakheka ngaphakathi ...

Sebenzisa enye yezimiso zokuzihlola okucacisa ukuthi noma yikuphi okuhlangenwe nakho okwazi kufanele kuchazwe kuzinhlamvu zayo eziyisisekelo.

Lokhu kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi lowo muntu uzimisele ngokufaka umzamo omkhulu ekuziboneleni, hhayi nje ukufaka ilebula entweni yalokho okuyikho ngeso lenyama.

Wundt 

WUHelm Maximilian Wundt, wayengudokotela wezengqondo waseJalimane, udokotela womzimba nefilosofi. Kuthuthukiswe ilabhorethri yokuqala yokuhlola ku- Leipzig. Kuleli dolobha kwakunguprofesa waseyunivesithi ka-Edward Bradford Titchener owathi kamuva waphakamisa imfundiso yenkolo ngokwezivivinyo, ama-eseyi kanye nemibono ayeyifunda kanye nothisha wakhe.

I-Wundt ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nezincwadi zasendulo kanye nobudlelwano bayo nokuqaliswa kwezindlela ezifanayo zokuzihlola. UWundt wenza ukucaciselwa ngobunyoninco obutholwe kokuhlangenwe nakho okuhloliwe ngaphansi kwengilazi yokukhulisa ye-introspection elawulwayo kanye nalezo ezifundwe ngaphansi kwemisinga yefilosofi, kulokhu akubiza ngokuthi ukuzihlola okumsulwa.

Abongile

U-Edward B. Titchener wayengudokotela wezengqondo waseBrithani, owayengumfundi we WU-ilhelm Maximilian Wundt, owayezoba umeluleki wakhe empilweni yakhe yonke futhi amkhuthaze ukuthi adalule umbono wakhe emhlabeni. Eminyakeni yakhe yobudala, wathuthela e-United States, lapho ayephumelela khona kakhulu.

Uthathwa njengomsunguli we-structuralism, kusobala ukuthi ungumuntu wokuhlola izinto, ngesikhathi efika e-United States wenza iphutha ngokwethula uthisha wakhe enjalo, okwadida abantu baseMelika kakhulu, ngoba kuleyo ngxenye yomhlaba, cha bekukhona ngomehluko phakathi kokwazi nokuquleka.

Iqiniso likaWundt ukuthi wayengeke achaze ukuziqhenya njengendlela evumelekile yokufinyelela kokungazi lutho, ngoba wayeqonda njengokungenisa ulwazi olwalungenazo izinto zangaphandle ezinomthelela.

Uhlukanise lezi zinhlaka ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo noma ukuphendula njengokuvumelekile ukuba kungokwesayensi, noma ikuphi okunye ukusabela okuthathwa njengesimo samanje kepha umsuka waso noma ukuba semthethweni kwawo kunganqunywa ncamashi, kufanele kumane kulahlwe emphakathini.

Izici zesakhiwo

• Isimangalo: Itholakala kuzo zonke izinqubo zokutadisha, kubalulekile ukucacisa indlela isiguli esiziphatha ngayo ngokuya ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphambilini abake baphila ngakho. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi lokhu kubheka akukwazi ukuphazamisa nganoma isiphi isikhathi ekuvezweni komuntu.
• Ulimi njengohlelo: Lesi samanje sibheka ulimi njengohlelo, okungukuthi, aluhlukanisiwe kunoma iyiphi into isiyonke.
• Indlela echazayo: indlela aziphethe ngayo ifundwa ngaphansi kokuhlolwa ukuze kwenziwe incazelo enembile yenqubo ngayinye, ushintsho kanye nolwazi umuntu abhekana nalo.
• Indlela eqhubayo: isipiliyoni semvelo noma umongo sishiywa eceleni, umbono wenziwa ngokuhlaziywa komzimba kanjalo.
• Ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo: Kusetshenziswa amatemu avumelana nezidingo zomuntu ngamunye, ngoba lokhu kuyadingeka ukucacisa amazinga futhi kucaciswe imibono ngokuya ngamayunithi ngendlela yokulandelana.
• Ingemuva: Njenganoma yikuphi okukhona njengamanje noma okufundwayo, inezichasiselo, kulokhu umcimbi ubuswa yithonya lobukhona, hhayi njengefilosofi, kepha njengesiyaluyalu sokuzalwa kombono wesakhiwo.
• Umbono wendlela: Yize le ndlela inemibono kanye nezindlela zefilosofi ezicatshangelwayo, akusho ukuthi ingahlukaniswa njengesikole, kunalokho kufanele isetshenziswe ngombono wendlela yokufunda isifundo sokuziphatha.  
• Umongo nobudlelwano: Isakhiwo sizalwa emiqondweni yeMarxism kanye nokusebenza, okwabelana ngokufana kokuthi bonke babelana ngemiqondo nemibono engaphandle komqondo wesayensi.
• Isakhiwo nezincwadi: Kulobu buciko, ukwakheka kwezakhiwo kufuna ukutadisha isakhiwo ngasinye esihlukaniswe ngezigaba noma ekhasini ukwenza ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwemisebenzi emidala, engokwamanye amasiko nezimo.

I-psychology yokwazi

Ukujula ngokujulile ekutadisheni kwengqondo yokusebenza kwengqondo uqobo lwayo, ukwakheka kusekelwe ekusebenziseni izindlela ezilandelayo zocwaningo nezinga lokuthola iziqu:

Ukungeniswa

UTitchener wasebenzisa ukuzazisa njengendlela eyinhloko yokutadisha, ngaleyo ndlela ephethe ukunquma ngqo zonke izingxenye zokwazi, eziba ngazinye ngokuya ngezidingo zomuntu ngamunye

Uthe isimo sokwazi singaba yindlela yolwazi olungenamkhawulo nolusheshayo, ngokuzitholela lona uqobo.

Ngokungafani nendlela yokuzihlola eyayisetshenziswa yiWundt, eyayikha phezulu nje, uTitchener wayeyinqubo ngokuphelele, kwafakwa imiyalo eqinile ukuze akwazi ukuthuthukisa ucwaningo ngokuzazi, ukuze aveze ukuhlaziywa okuphelele okuphelele nokuphelele. .

Ukuhlolwa ngakunye kwakuqukethe ukubhekana nesiguli ngento, ngaphandle kokuphika imvelaphi yaso, ukuhlukaniswa kwaso kanye nokusetshenziswa kwaso, ngemuva kwalokho, umuntu kwakufanele akwazi ukuqamba noma ukuchaza izici zento esimweni sokungena ngaphakathi.

Isimo kuphela ebesibekwe esigulini bekungafanele sisho igama laleyo nto nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, ukuze sikwazi ukubheka ezinye izici zalo.

Izinto zomqondo

I-Titchener ihlukanise isici ngasinye somqondo: izakhi zokuqonda, izakhi zemibono kanye nezinto zemizwelo, lezi zingahlukaniswa zibe yizakhiwo zazo: ikhwalithi, umfutho, ubude besikhathi, ukucaciseleka nobude.

Izithombe nemizwa ayicacisi, ngakho-ke zingaphulwa njengeqembu lemizwa.

Lezi zinto ezintathu okukhulunywe ngazo ngaphambili, ziphetha ngokuthi umuzwa ngamunye ungaphansi.

Kusho ukuthi konke ukucabanga kungagcina kwehlukaniswe kwaba yimizwa, efinyelelwa kuphela futhi kuphela ngokuzibonela.   

Ukusebenzisana kwezinto

Indlela yesibili kumcabango kaTitchener kwaba ukuthi isici ngasinye sezingqondo siyasebenzisana ukuze sakhe isipiliyoni.

Ukusabela ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo

Intshisekelo enkulu kaTitchener kwakuwukukwazi ukuhlobanisa izinqubo zomzimba nokuhlangenwe nakho okwazi, ukuthi iziphi izinguquko ezenzeka lapho kufakwa ekuhlolweni, amaBrithani agcina, ukuthi ukusabela ngakunye komzimba kwakuhlobene kakhulu nokuhlola, ukuthi ngaphandle kwalolu hlobo lokuphendula, inqubo efanayo okungenamsebenzi kwehlulekile.

Isakhiwo emibhalweni

Isakhiwo sihlaziya izincwadi njengezindlela zokutadisha zesiguli, isazi sokwakha esibucayi kakhulu sizokwenza ukuhlolwa okujulile kwesigaba ngasinye esiqukethe umbhalo oshiwo, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umsebenzi wokubhala ungaba owanoma yiluphi uhlobo, into ebalulekile ngalo msebenzi ukuhlaziya ukwakheka komsebenzi kakhulu ekulandiseni kunokuqukethwe kuwo, kulokhu “okungenamsebenzi”.

Inhloso yalo msebenzi ukukwazi ukuqhathanisa umsebenzi nezakhiwo zezinye izikhathi namasiko ukuthola noma yikuphi ukuxhumana noma ubudlelwano nalokho okuhlaziywayo.

Ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo esikhathini sanamuhla

I-Structuralism yanikeza ushintsho empilweni yesimanje yabantu abadala abavamile, ngokufika kwalo mbono ezimpilweni zansuku zonke zalabo abawusebenzisayo, isayensi yabantu yachuma kakhulu.

Esikhathini esithile umlando ufinyelele encazelweni entsha nehlukile, lowo muntu waguqula ngokuphelele amasu ohlelo, ngaleyo ndlela evuselela izindlela ezintsha zokutadisha ngokuziphatha komuntu ngokuya ngokuhlangenwe nakho akuthola kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe.

Indlela yokuziphatha komuntu ayisalawulwa ubandlululo namanani wobuhle ngaphandle kwesisekelo sesayensi. Manje ukubaluleka kokungena ngaphakathi komuntu kuthole ukuvelela okwanele ukuze kube nesibopho ngazo zonke izindlela ngolwazi lwayo lwemizwa.