Umuntu uyinto eyinkimbinkimbi, okuthi ngaphezu kokuhlangabezana nezidingo zabo eziyisisekelo, nayo idinga incazelo yokuba khona kwabo kanye nemvelaphi yabo. Ukusuka lapho kuvela izikhundla ezahlukahlukene, kusuka emkhakheni wezenkolo nefilosofi, kuya kwezesayensi. Ngaphakathi kwesayensi, kwavela umbono wokuziphendukela kwamangqamuzana obizwa ngokuthi yi-chemosynthetic theory, ngokususelwa ocwaningweni lososayensi u-Alexander Oparin noJohn Haldane, okuthi noma bengasebenzanga ndawonye, bafika ekwakheni umbono ofanayo, onikeza ukuqhubeka izisekelo eziphakanyiswe emcabangweni we-big bang, ephikisana nombono wesizukulwane esizenzekelayo, kanye nemibono yenkolo mayelana nohlobo lokuphila.
Ngabe umbono we-chemosynthetic usungula ini?
Lo mbono uthi i-hydrogen (H2) esesibhakabhakeni sokuqala esasabela nge-carbon, i-nitrogen noma ama-athomu e-oxygen akha umhluzi wokudla okunomsoco, okwathi lapho uhlangana nemithombo ehlukahlukene yamandla akudala kwaveza ama-amino acid amaningi, akha izisekelo eziyisisekelo zempilo yemvelo.
Izimo emkhathini ngokusho chemosynthetic postulates
Umbono we-chemosynthetic ubeka ukuthi umoya wakudala kufanele ube nezici ezithanda ukusabela okwehlisayo, ngoba uma bekukhona isimo esinokuthambekela kwe-oxidative, izingxenye ze "Isobho lesizibulo" bebezokwehlisa isithunzi. Ngalesi sizathu, ososayensi abathumele imibono ehlukahlukene yokuziphendukela kwemvelo baqinisekisa ukuthi ezimweni zokuqala zeplanethi angikwazanga i-oxygen yayikhona, ngoba ukusabela kwe-oxidation kwakungeke kukhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa kwempilo.
Isisekelo seChemosynthetic Theory
Isigaba sokumiswa kochungechunge lwemibono eyaphula izisekelo zemfundiso yokuzalwa okuzenzekelayo (yamukelwa kabanzi ngesikhathi sakhe) yaqala ngo-1864 ngenxa yezifundo zososayensi waseFrance uLuis Pasteur, owakhombisa ekucwaningeni kwakhe ukuthi "Ophilayo uvela kwabaphilayo", okwenza ukuthi kuthuthukiswe imibono emisha. Phakathi kwaleyo mibono kukhona i-chemosynthetics, ethi impilo yavela ekuphenduleni kwezakhi zamakhemikhali eziyisisekelo. Izinto ezakha lokhu kuzichazwa zichazwe ngokuningiliziwe ngezansi:
Ukwakheka komhlaba ekuqaleni kwawo: lo mbono ubheka ukuthi ekuqaleni, iplanethi yayinomoya ongenayo umoya-mpilo wamahhala, kodwa-ke, ucebile kwezinye izinto, ikakhulukazi i-hydrogenukugxila okuphezulu), ngakho-ke yayinciphisa, eyayithanda ukukhishwa kwama-athomu e-hydrogen ezinhlotsheni zamakhemikhali ezikhona. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, ibiqukethe amanye amakhemikhali ayisisekelo afana ne: hydrocyanic acid (HCN), methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), amanzi (H2O) nezinye izinto.
- Ukwakhiwa komhluzi wokudla okunempilo: eyaziwa nangokuthi isobho lobuzibulo, yayiqukethe ukuhlanganiswa kuketshezi okunomsoco okwakhiwa yizo zonke lezi zinto zomkhathi wakudala. Leli volumu loketshezi lakhulisa izilwandle zokuqala. Kwenzeke kanjani lokhu? Umbono we-chemosynthetic usungula ukuthi ngenxa yokuphola komkhathi, kwakukhona ukufingqa komphunga wamanzi ovela ezintabamlilo, owadonsa zonke lezi zinto ngawo, wakha umhluzi onomsoco, ebinganqwabelana ezindaweni eziphansi (olwandle) lapho bezohlala khona isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwengozi yokubola.
- Ukubukeka kwezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe: Kule nqubo, isenzo semithombo yamandla eyahlukahlukene besibalulekile, njengeziphepho zikagesi, imisebe yelanga nokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo. Umphumela walokhu kuphendula kwaba yizakhi eziyinkimbinkimbi njengoshukela, ama-fatty acids, i-glycerin nama-amino acid. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwaveza izakhiwo u-Oparin azibiza coervervatesizakhiwo zebhayoloji ezimelana kakhulu nezithuthukile ezazingaphambi kwezakhi zamanje ze-nucleic acid.
Ukwakhiwa kwama-coacervates
U-Oparin wakuthola lokho enqubweni yokuvela kwezinhlobo zamakhemikhali eziqukethwe kulokho umhluzi wamazibulo, kwavela ama-coacervates, ayeyizinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi, okwathi ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa kwamangqamuzana ahlangana aba yisakhiwo esisodwa, ngaleyo ndlela athola ulwelwesi obelungabaguqula lube yizinto ezihlukile, ezinamandla okuzenzela (amandla okukhiqiza ukudla kwawo ), Ezingashintsha zibe amafomu azinzile futhi axakile abe yizakhiwo zokuphila zangempela. Ngokomqondo we-chemosynthetic, lezi zidalwa zokuqala zazingumsuka womhlaba wezitshalo nezilwane emhlabeni wethu.
Ekuqaleni, kwakungekho ungqimba lwe-ozone, oluvikela amaseli emisebeni eqondile evela elangeni. Yingakho kukholakala ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi izakhiwo zokuqala zadalwa futhi zacekelwa ngokungaphezi yisimo esiqondile samandla elanga. Ngemuva kwezigidi zeminyaka, amangqamuzana anjalo akwazi ukuguquka abe yizinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zezinto eziphilayo, ezazizowavumela ukuba ande. Kamuva, baqala ukuhlanganisa ukudla kwabo ngamandla elanga, benza inqubo ye-photosynthesis futhi bathumela umoya-mpilo omsulwa emkhathini, owawuzogcina ungqimba lwe-ozone.
Okulandelayo kuchaza inqubo yokwakha i-coacervate:
- Konke kuqala ngokwakhiwa kwe-molecule ehlelekile futhi ezinzile.
- Njengoba isikhathi sihamba, kwakheka i-molecule yesibili ehambisanayo (macromolecule) futhi iyingxenye ye-coacervate.
- Le macromolecule yehlukanisa ne-coacervate lapho ibone khona umsuka wayo.
- I-macromolecule iqala ukuheha izinhlanganisela ezingayibopha esakhiweni sayo, iphinde ibuyise i-coacervate yangempela.
UStanley Miller noHarold Urey Isivivinyo (1953)
Yize ukuthunyelwa komqondo we-chemosynthetic theory kwasungulwa ngo-1924 ngu-Oparin noHaldane, ososayensi ababili kamuva baphinde benza isivivinyo esilinganisweni nezimo zesimo sezulu sakudala, bebeka ingxube ye-hydrogen, methane ne-ammonia kokukhishwa okuningi kagesi, ukuhlanganisa izinto eziphilayo ezahlukahlukene ama-asidi. Inhloso yalolu vivinyo kwakuwukukhombisa ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo kwakwenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo, nokuthi kwakwenzeke kuma-molecule alula ayesemkhathini wokuqala.
Ngokwakhiwa kokuhlolwa kwabo, bathatha isitsha sengilazi bathela inani elithile lamanzi, ukuze ligcwaliswe ngokwengxenye, kwafakwa ingxube yamagesi ashiwo ngenhla. Lokhu okuqukethwe kwaba ngaphansi kokukhishwa kukagesi okwalingisa izivunguvungu zangaphambi komlando ezenzeka ekuqaleni kweplanethi.
Lokhu kuhlolwa kudonse isonto elilodwa, kwathi uma selidlulile imiphumela yahlaziywa. Inkomba yokuqala yokusabela okwenzekile ukuthi ukuguqulwa kombala wamanzi kwaqashelwa, ekuqaleni kwakubonakala ngokusobala, nokuthi ngemuva kwesonto yathola ithoni ephinki, kamuva eyayizoba nsundu, njengoba yayicebile ama-amino acid abalulekile nama-molecule ephilayo.
Lokhu kuhlolwa bekungumnikelo osekela umbono wokuthi izinhlobo zokuqala zokuphila zenziwa kusuka ekuphendukeni kwamakhemikhali okwenziwe ngokuzenzekelayo.