Kunezindlela eziningi zokufinyelela olwazini. Izindlela zendabuko zokuthola ulwazi yilezo zocwaningo oluqondile ngokuhlola, noma ukusetshenziswa kwamasu okususa, kanye "nesilingo nephutha" elishiwo njalo.
Ucwaningo yi- indlela esemqoka yokuthuthukisa imikhakha emisha, nokwandiswa kolwazi olukhona. Lokhu kube yisici esiyisisekelo sokwandisa umkhawulo wokuqonda kwabantu kuzo zonke izici.
Kukhona uhlobo locwaningo, olusetshenziswa kabanzi ukwenza izifundo zomlando, lapho ukuseshwa kolwazi oluqoqwe ezincwadini nasemibhalweni yesandla kubalulekile. Lokhu kwaziwa njengokucwaninga kwedeski.
Luyini ucwaningo lwemibhalo?
Ngokuyisisekelo, kufaka phakathi ukufunwa kolwazi ngendlela ebucayi, ukuphendukela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene ngokuhlola ubuqiniso bayo, ngokuqhathanisa namaqiniso aziwayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka komthombo (akubona bonke abanikeza imininingwane isandla sokuqala), phakathi kwezinye izici.
Amathiphu wokwenza uphenyo lwedokhumentari:
- Zama ukugcina isikhundla esingakhethi, hlaziya amaqiniso bese uzama ukwenza izahlulelo kuphela lapho kukhona umthombo ohambisanayo.
- Buyekeza imithombo ehlukahlukene, unikeze isisindo esithe xaxa kulabo abaqinisekiswe njengabaqinisile.
- Uma uthola imininingwane eqhamuka emthonjeni ongathembekile ngokuphelele, kunconywa ukuthi ubheke amanye amadokhumenti azokusiza uqinisekise.
- Thatha amanothi, futhi wenze ukuhlukaniswa kahle kwesihloko, kungaba ngezinsuku, imicimbi noma ngokulandelana kokubukeka. Okubalulekile ukuthi ukwazi ukuphatha kahle ukuhleleka kwemibono.
- Yenza imidwebo ekusiza ubone ngeso lengqondo uhlelo okufanele lilandelwe ucwaningo lwakho, lokhu kuzokuvumela ukuthi ubheke ezingeni lezinjongo ozibekele zona.
Indlela yokuphenywa kwamadokhumenti
Umqondo walolu cwaningo ukubuyekeza okubucayi kwemithombo ehlukahlukene ephrintiwe. Ngaso sonke isikhathi umphenyi kumele agcine isimo sakhe sokungakhethi, ebuza konke okungaveli kumthombo oqinisekisiwe. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwesihloko, ngokungafani namacala ocwaningo lokuhlola, kwenziwa ngokufanele, ngokufunda imininingwane, ukuhlola, ukuhlukanisa nokudweba iziphetho.
- Ukusesha imininingwane: Okokuqala, kufanele sihlanganise imibhalo ngolwazi oluthandayo.
- Ukubuyekezwa kwe-Bibliographic: Lapho sesikutholile ukugxila kolwazi, kufanele siqhubeke nokufunda ngokucophelela, sithathe isihloko esizosithuthukisa. Kulesi sigaba kunconywa yenza uhlaka oluncane, esivumela ukuba sibe nayo ngendlela efingqiwe futhi efinyeleleka kalula. Ungabhala umbono ohlanganisa okuqukethwe ngumbhalo owubuyekezile, bese wenza izichasiselo ngegama lombhalo lapho kutholakala khona imininingwane ebasekelayo nenombolo yekhasi elifanele.
- Ukuhlola: Kujwayelekile ukuthola imininingwane ehlukile esihlokweni. Kumele sikhumbule ukuthi yonke imithombo ivame ukuthonywa iphuzu elilodwa lokubuka, ngakho-ke lapho uhlangabezana nezinguqulo ezimbili zesihloko esifanayo ungaqhubeka ngezindlela ezahlukene:
- Ungena kuleyo nsimu, uze uthole eminye imininingwane eqinisekisa noma eqeda ukungaqondakali okutholakele.
- Ubhekisa kuwo womabili amaphuzu wokubuka emsebenzini wakho, bese uchaza ngemithelela engaba khona kulowo nalowo
- Ukuhlukaniswa: Lesi yisigaba esibaluleke kakhulu, futhi kulokhu kufanele hlanganisa yonke imininingwane efanayo ukuthi ukwazile ukuthola esihlokweni esifanayo. Kubalulekile ukuthi uhlukane ngesihloko, ngoba, uma ucwaningo lwakho lubanzi, futhi ungenzi ukuhlukaniswa okusebenzayo, uzolahleka kumqulu omkhulu wamadokhumenti, futhi uzolahlekelwa yinqubekela phambili oyenzile ezinyathelweni ezedlule .
- Ukulungiswa kweziphetho: Ekugcineni, futhi ngokususelwa kukho konke ukubuyekeza okwenziwe, kufanele uthole iziphetho ezinikeza izimpendulo zemibuzo noma izinkinga eziphakanyiswe ezinhlosweni zakho zokuqala.
Izinhlobo zemibhalo
Yize njengomcwaningi kufanele ubuyekeze futhi uhlolisise lonke ulwazi olutholakele maqondana nesihloko osithuthukisayo, kubalulekile ukuthi ucacelwe ngokuhlukaniswa kwemithombo ongafinyelela kuyo, ngale ndlela uzokwazi ukuthi iyiphi ongayinika ukuzethemba okukhulu ku.
- Umthombo oyinhloko: Ukubukeza okwenziwe yinto noma umcimbi, okwenziwe ngumuntu owayekwazi ukufinyelela ngqo kuwo. Phakathi kwemibhalo engolayini lo sinayo: izincwadi, izindatshana, izibuyekezo, izincwajana, ama-monographs, phakathi kwabanye. Le mibhalo iqinisekiswe izinhlangano ezikhethekile odabeni, ngoba zilethwe kubacwaningi.
Lolu uhlobo lwemininingwane esingayethemba, ngoba kufakazelwe ukuthi luvumelekile ochwepheshe kulo mkhakha.
- Umthombo wesibili: Ama-athikili akule nto asuselwa kumadokhumenti ayinhloko. Yizifinyezo nokuhlanganiswa kwezihloko ezahlukahlukene, ezesekelwa ngocwaningo olwenziwe ngomunye umuntu. Lolu lwazi kufanele luqinisekiswe, ngoba, ezimweni eziningi, ukuzithoba kukhona kumuntu obabhalayo.
Inkambu yesenzo
Ukutadisha ngokubonisana kwemibhalo, kuyindlela ebalulekile yokwenza izinto, futhi umkhakha wayo wesenzo udlulela cishe kuzo zonke izindawo, ngoba lonke ucwaningo, noma ngabe aluyona imibhalo ngokuphelele, ifaka isigaba sokubuyekezwa kwe-bibliographic. Okulandelayo, sicacisa izindawo ezisemqoka zokusetshenziswa kwalolu cwaningo:
- Amaqiniso omlando: Ngaphandle kwamacala okuphenywa kwe-paleontological, lapho ukuhlolwa okwenziwe ngekhabhoni kusinikeza imininingwane ngomcimbi owedlule. Imicimbi yomlando ingabuyiselwa kuphela ngokuthinta izinkomba ze-bibliographic, ezilungiselelwe okhokho bethu ngenhloso yokubhala iqiniso, noma umcimbi, nokuthi namuhla sivumele ukucacisa nokuqinisekisa okuvame ukudluliselwa kithi ngesiko elidumile.
- Ucwaningo kwezinye izindawo: Imibhalo yisigaba esibalulekile lapho kwenziwa noma yiluphi ucwaningo. Ngisho nophenyo lwesimo sokuhlola noma senhlalo, yize banezinsimbi zabo zokuthola ulwazi, bethula isigaba semibhalo, esiphethe ukukhokha insimu ukuze kubekwe izisekelo zophenyo.