Mhlawumbe ngesikhathi esithile empilweni yakho uke wasebenzisa igama elithi 'utopia'. Yigama elivame ukusetshenziselwa ukubhekisa kulokho okungaba okuphelele, iqiniso elingaba liphelele, kepha ingabe silisebenzisa kahle leli gama, liyini ngempela? I-Utopia ngakho-ke yigama elisetshenziselwa ukubhekisa endaweni ecatshangelwe lapho konke kuphelele khona.
Isetshenziselwa ukuchaza umhlaba wokucabanga lapho ubulungiswa bezenhlalo bukhona, njengezimiso zokukuqinisekisa. I-Utopia ifanekisela amathemba namaphupho abantu. I-Utopia ifana nento engenakwenzeka ngoba impilo ekahle emphakathini ophelele oyinikezayo kubonakala kungenakufinyeleleka kubantu.
Iqhamukaphi
Ababhali bama-utopias bamele imiphakathi efana neyabo, kepha ihleleke kangcono. Banikela nohlelo oluningiliziwe lokuthi singawakha kanjani umphakathi onjalo nokuthi ungaphathwa kanjani. Leli gama lathathwa encwadini ka-Utopia kaThomas More, eyashicilelwa ngo-1551, lapho achaza khona umphakathi ofanele osuselwe ekulinganeni, kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe nalapho ubuphofu nosizi kwaqedwa khona. Utopia kaThomas More uphefumulelwe yiRiphabhlikhi kaPlato, ethathwa njengenoveli yokuqala yezwe.
Imisebenzi ebaluleke kunazo zonke ifaka phakathi u-Edward Bellamy ethi "Looking Back" (1888); I-Utopia Yesimanje ka-HG Wells (1905) kanye neThe Shape of Things to Come (1933); Abakhishwe ngu-Ursula K. Le Guin (1974), phakathi kwabanye.
Ithemba nokulindela okuhle ku-utopia
Kunemibono ethembeni nethemba, ukulandisa okukhombisa umbono wezwe onethemba kungabizwa ngokuthi ama-utopias kanye nokulandisa okukhombisa umbono wezwe ongenathemba ungabizwa ngokuthi ama-dystopias.
IDystopias iphonsela inselelo umcabango we-utopia wokufuna ukuphelela komuntu futhi iphika ukuthi kungenzeka kube nemiphakathi ephelele. IDystopia isebenzisa incazelo yekusasa elibi futhi ichaza ukuthi kuzokwenzekani uma izitayela ezithile zamanje ziqhubeka ... okungukuthi, umbono ongemuhle womhlaba ucabangela ukuthi uthuthuka kanjani. Njengama-utopias, ama-dystopias aphakamisa futhi amele ithuba lokushintsha umphakathi, kepha, ngokungafani nama-utopias, awabaniki isixazululo sethemba futhi abamukeli ikusasa elisha ngokuphelele ... Bacabanga ukuthi izinto zingashintsha kepha ngokususelwa eqinisweni ngendlela engeyona enhle kakhulu yalokho okungenzeka ngokuzayo.
Umlando wase-Utopian uvame ukusethelwa endaweni engayodwa, futhi abantu bahlala lapho ngokwemigomo yaleyo ndawo. Indawo ekude lapho yonke into ingahle iphelele manje ayikho. Kunesigaba esibusayo esigunyaziwe futhi esimisiwe, esivame ukubonwa njengesobala ekusebenzeni emphakathini futhi sakha umphakathi ocishe ufinyelele ekupheleleni, ezweni elifanelekile elingekho ngempela. Ngokungafani nezepolitiki zabantu, ohulumeni be-dystopian bayacindezela, futhi izakhamizi zomphakathi wase-dystopi azinombono omuhle ngazo.
Ukubheka ikusasa
Kokubili ama-utopias nama-dystopias asethwe ngokuzayo futhi afaka izinto ezifanayo, kepha anezincazelo ezahlukahlukene, isb. Isayensi nobuchwepheshe obuthuthuke kakhulu. Sibheke ikusasa kepha ngemibono ehlukene, sicabangela umphakathi wanamuhla nokuthi yini okucatshangwa ngakho.
Ezindabeni eziphathelene nabantu, kukholakala ukuthi ubuchwepheshe obuphambili kanye nesayensi kusetshenziselwa ukwenza ngcono izimo zokuphila kwabantu, njengokungabikho kokufa nokuhlupheka. Ezindabeni ze-dystopian, ubuchwepheshe obuthuthuke kakhulu butholakala kuphela eqenjini elisemandleni ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukucindezelwa kwabo. Ngokungafani nenganekwane engasho lutho, evame ukufaka umuntu ongamazi njenge-protagonist, ama-dystopias akuvamile ukwenza lokho. Ukwakhiwa kwamazwe acatshangelwayo e-dystopia kanye ne-utopia mhlawumbe kusekelwe ekuboneni okuhle komhlaba noma kokungabi nathemba komhlaba.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-utopia emphakathini
Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, i-utopia ngumqondo obanzi ovame ukusetshenziswa kepha ubuye wasetshenziswa isikhathi eside yizazi zefilosofi, ongqondongqondo, osopolitiki kanye nababhali abaningi. Kepha kungani ukucabanga okungabonakali kusetshenziselwa ukudala iqiniso lapho kungaphelela khona? Ukuphelela okungenzeka kungaze kube khona, kepha empeleni, kusezingqondweni zabantu ukuzama ukuthuthukisa umphakathi wamanje kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwamanje nokwesikhathi esizayo.
I-Utopia ingaba wusizo kakhulu kunalokho ongakucabanga, inemisebenzi okuthi uma leli gama lisetshenziswa inganakwa, kepha inamandla amakhulu kunalokho esingakucabanga. Abantu bafuna ukudala umsebenzi obabazekayo, ngaphandle kokungapheleli, futhi yize kungenakwenzeka ukuwakha kunemisebenzi ethile okufanele uyiqaphele:
Umsebenzi obucayi
I-Utopia isebenza ukugxeka umphakathi wanamuhla, ukubona ukuthi yini okungalungile nokuthi yini engathuthukiswa. Kuyindlela yokubona ukuthi uhlelo lwezenhlalo lukusebenzelani futhi sikwazi ukuhlola isidingo soshintsho kunoma yisiphi isici samanje, nakuba kuvame ukucatshangelwa ekushintsheni kwezepolitiki.
Umsebenzi wokuhlola
I-Utopia nayo isetshenziselwa ukwazi ithonya elingaba nayo emiphakathini ehlukene. Ama-Utopias angakhombisa ukucabanga ngezindlela zenhlangano yezenhlalo futhi ukuqonda kangcono uhlelo lwezepolitiki.
Dala umsebenzi wethemba
I-Utopia futhi igcwalisa izinhliziyo zabantu ngethemba. Kuyindlela umuntu abheka ngayo ikusasa ngethemba, efuna ukwenza ngcono izinto, azame ukwenza yonke into isebenze kahle, abone ukwehluleka ukuthuthuka ngokuzayo. Ngale ndlela okuzama ukuthi yenza abantu babone ukuthi ikusasa elingcono kungenzeka, inqobo nje uma ufuna ngempela futhi ufuna ukuthuthuka.
Umsebenzi wokuqondisa
Lo msebenzi ubaluleke kakhulu ngoba yiwona osungula izinhloso nezinjongo zamanje nezizayo. Ukubeka umgomo wesikhathi eside kuvumela abantu nomphakathi ukuthi bangabambeki eqinisweni elingamanga. Ucabanga ukuthi ufuna ukuphila kanjani ngokuzayo futhi ulwela ukukufeza.