Ma'anar tarihi na acid da tushe

Na dogon lokaci, abubuwa da ke da halaye na musamman wadanda suke da matukar amfani a aikace an sansu kuma anyi amfani da su, wadanda a halin yanzu ake kira da asid da sigogi, wadanda aka ayyana su a matsayin masu hada sinadaran da aka saba da su sosai, wanda za a iya samar da wani babban bangare na shi. mahaɗan sunadarai a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na ruwa.

Akwai wasu halayen da ya shafi acid da tushe, wanda ake kira acid-base, wanda domin nazarin su, dole ne ayi amfani da ka'idojin daidaiton sinadarai zuwa hanyoyin magance su, a cikin wannan nau'in halayen akwai wani abu wanda yake taka muhimmiyar rawa, wanda ake kira da sauran ƙarfi, tunda acid da tushe Su yawanci musanya proton da shi, godiya ga wannan waɗannan kuma ana iya kiran su halayen musayar proton.

A zamanin da an riga an san cewa wasu abinci kamar su vinegar da lemun tsami suna da ƙamshin ruwan acid, duk da cewa sai da itan ƙarni da suka gabata na san dalilin dandano na musamman. Kalmar acid a zahiri ta fito ne daga tsohuwar yaren Latin, daidai daga kalmarta "acidus" wanda ke fassara azaman mai tsami.

Menene acid?

Ana kiran wannan a matsayin duk wani sinadarin mahada wanda, yayin wucewa ta hanyar narkewa a cikin ruwa, yana samar da mafita tare da aikin cation na hydronium mafi girma fiye da ruwa ɗaya a cikin tsarkakakken halinsa, a wannan yanayin ana gabatar da pH ƙasa da 7.

Duk wani sinadari da ya mallaki kayan abu na acid ana kiran sa abubuwa masu guba.

Halayen acid

Daga cikin mahimman abubuwa da halayen acid akwai abubuwa masu zuwa.

• Suna da ingancin amsawa tare da abubuwan da ake kira tushe, don ƙirƙirar gishiri da ruwa.
• Suna da lahani ƙwarai saboda abubuwan da aka haɗasu.
• Suna aiki azaman ƙwararrun masu gudanar da wutar lantarki a cikin yanayi mai laima ko yanayin ruwa.
• Suna da peculiar mai tsami ko ɗanɗano mai tsamiMisalin wannan na iya zama abincin da ke ƙunshe da citric acid kamar lemu, lemun tsami, ‘ya’yan inabi, lemon tsami, da sauransu.
• Zasu iya amsawa tare da sinadarin ƙarfe don samar da gishiri da ruwa, kamar aikin da suke yi da ƙananan abubuwa.
• A wasu lokuta suna iya zama masu cutarwa, har ma suna haifar da ƙonewar fata.
• Yana da ikon samar da gishiri da hydrogen ta hanyar aiwatar da aiki tare da ƙarfe masu aiki.
• Yana da halaye da ke sa phenolphthalein, kuma bi da bi na iya sa takarda ta musanya canza launuka, misali daga lemu zuwa ja, kuma daga shuɗi zuwa ruwan hoda.

Menene Tushen?

Wannan kuma ana kiransa da suna alkali, wanda asalinsa ya fito daga yaren larabci, daidai daga kalmar "Al-Qaly", ana kiransu da duk wadanda abubuwan da suka mallaki kayan alkaline, kodayake kuma ana iya ƙaddara shi azaman duk wani bayani wanda idan aka bijiro dashi ta hanyar ruwa to zai gabatar da ion ga matsakaici.

Halaye na asali

Boyle ya ƙaddara cewa waɗannan abubuwan duk sune waɗanda suka mallaki waɗannan kaddarorin masu zuwa.

• Zuwa taɓawa ana iya lura cewa suna da sabulu a yanayi.
• Suna da halin fitaccen ɗanɗano.
• Suna da ikon amsawa tare da acid, domin samar da gishiri da karin ruwa.
• Suna iya juya litmus takarda daga ja zuwa shuɗi.
• Suna narkewa cikin ruwa, musamman idan yazo da hydroxides.
• Mafi yawan waɗannan abubuwan da ake kira tushe suna da lahani ga fatar ɗan adam, saboda suna da halaye da ke lalata ƙwayoyin halitta.

Kodayake Boyle da sauran manyan masana kimiyyar sunadarai sunyi kokarin sau da yawa don bayyana dalilin da yasa asid da sansanoninsu sukeyi ta irin wannan hanyar, ba a yarda da maanar farko ta sinadaran acid da asasi ba sai bayan shekaru 200.

Ayyukan acid-tushe

Hakanan an san shi azaman yanayin tsaka tsaki, ana kiransa azaman aikin sinadaran da ke faruwa tsakanin acid da tushe wanda ke haifar da gishiri da ruwa. Ya kamata a lura cewa kalmar gishiri tana bayanin duk wani mahadi wanda yake da halayen ionic, wanda cation dinsa ya fito daga wani tushe.

da halayen neutralization, wanda dole ne kasancewar asid da asali a koyaushe, suna cikin mafi yawan yanayi exothermic, wanda ke nufin cewa suna sakin kuzari a cikin ayyukansu, ana kiran wannan aikin tsaka tsaki saboda lokacin da aka haɗu da acid tare da tushe, waɗannan suna kawar da juna , barin dukiyoyinsu wofi.

Yin aikin Acid-base dauki

Don farawa tare da aiwatar da aiki na tsaka tsaki, ya zama dole a sami flask na Erlenmeyer, wanda a ciki ake sanya maganin hydrochloric acid, kuma a bi da bi an ƙara dropsan digo na alamun phenolphthalein, ya zama ruwan hoda a cikin matsakaiciyar tushe, amma idan Ya zama an samo shi a cikin matsakaicin acid kuma baya gabatar da kowane launi, saboda haka bashi da launi.

Acid da base neutralizers ana samar dasu daidai, ma'ana, "daidai-daidai", wannan yana nufin cewa kwatankwacin acid koyaushe za'a cire shi kwatankwacin kwatankwacin kowane irin tushe.

Bayan aikin da ya gabata, sanyawa a cikin karamar hukumar sodium hydroxide bayani zai biyo baya sannan a bude famfo a hankali kuma a hankali, idan yana faduwa kadan kadan, zai yi aiki tare da sinadarin hydrochloric don samar da ruwa da chloride. Na sodium, wannan yana da tasirin da PH ke ƙaruwa, kuma matakan acid sun ragu.

Da zarar an yi amfani da dukkan acid ɗin, digo na gaba na tushe ana ƙara shi zuwa mahimmin bayani, tare da tasirin cewa mai nuna alama ya zama ruwan hoda, wannan yana aiki ne don gane cewa an cire ruwan ɗin gaba ɗaya.

Gabaɗaya, gwargwadon gwargwadon gram an ƙaddara la'akari da nau'in abu, wannan saboda abubuwa sun banbanta, kowannensu yana da halayensa, misali lissafin gishiri ba ɗaya yake da na acid ba, Har ila yau, la'akari da nau'in aikin da ake aiwatarwa, tunda ya danganta da nau'in tasirin girman abubuwan abubuwan sun bambanta, don haka ba za a iya sake amfani da lissafin ba.

Ruwan molar na acid wanda aka raba shi da adadin hydrogens da za'a iya rabasu dashi yayi daidai da girman gram daya kwatankwacin wanda aka bashi.

Mafi yawan nau'ikan tushe a cikin duk wadanda suke wanzuwa shine hydroxide, kuma ana iya tantance kwatankwacin gram dinsa ta hanyar rarraba yawan kwayarsa ta yawan kungiyoyin OH a cikin hydroxide.

Ofididdigar waɗannan halayen ana lasafta shi ta hanyar dabara, wanda ke ba da damar kawar da acid ɗin da aka bayar na tushe shine: Nzuwa * Va = ba Nb * ba Va, na farko shine asalin kaddarorin acid kuma sauran dukiyar tushe.

Don yin lissafin ƙa'idar maganin acid, dole mutum ya ci gaba kamar haka: al'ada = molarity.

Mahimmancin tasirin acid-base

Suna da mahimmancin mahimmanci dangane da ikon su azaman fasahohi don ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, waɗanda ayyukan su ke ƙaddara azaman ƙarancin ruwan acid.

Don yin waɗannan halayen mai nuna alama yawanci ana amfani dashi, wanda ke matsayin jagora don sanin mahimmancin yanayin, da kuma yadda yake bunkasa, kodayake akwai wasu matakan lantarki don aiwatar da wasu ayyuka.

Za'a iya nuna nau'ikan halayen guda uku wadanda aka rarrabasu bisa halayan acid da tushe, musamman kan ko sunada rauni ko sunada karfi, kamar wadannan.

Reaction na wani rauni acid da tushe

A cikin wadannan za'a iya lura cewa cation na tushe, da kuma anion na acid suna shan hydrolysis, saboda haka PH ɗinsu yayi daidai da> 7 idan acid ɗin yayi rauni, kuma idan tushe ya raunana shine <7.

Amsawa tsakanin tushe mai ƙarfi da raunin acid

A wannan yanayin, ana iya lura da yadda kawai ƙwarin acid ke shan hydrolysis, don haka PH ɗinsa ya kasance a <7.

Amsawa tsakanin tushe mai rauni da ƙarfi acid

A cikin wannan nau'in aikin, kawai ana lura da yadda cation na tushe ke shan hydrolysis, don haka PH ɗin da ke ciki ya kasance> 7.

Don zaɓar wanene cikakken mai nuna alama ga kowane nau'in amsawa, ya zama dole a san yadda PH ɗin ƙarshe zai kasance, don yin lissafin daidai daidai.

Ma'anar tarihi na tasirin acid-base

Akwai da yawa ma'anar wannan aikin aiwatar tsakanin acid da tushe, Ana nuna mahimmancin abu daidai gwargwadon ƙarfin nazarin da kowannensu ya ƙunsa, da ƙari idan aka yi amfani da shi wajen magance halayen da ke tattare da ruwa ko abubuwan gas, ko kuma lokacin da haruffa da kaddarorin acid da tushe ba su bayyana sosai ba.

Ma'anar Antoine Lavoisier

Ilimin da Lavoisier yake da shi ya takaita ne da karfi a farkon, saboda sun fi dacewa da sinadarin oxacids wadanda ke da yanayin hawan kuzari a cikin kwayoyin halittar su ta tsakiya, wanda kuma hakan ya kewaye shi da kwayoyin halittar oxygen, amma bashi da cikakken ilimin acid din. acid, ya sami nasarar kafa acid ta hanyar tantance su a matsayin abun da ke dauke da iskar oxygen, saboda wannan dole ne ya yi amfani da tsohon Girkanci don sanya sunan wannan maginin acid.

An tsara wannan ka'idar ko ma'anar azaman mafi mahimmanci ga shekaru 30 masu ban mamaki, kodayake a cikin 1810 an buga labarin wanda ya nuna wasu saɓani tare da tushe da tushe, wanda ya sanya ma'anar Lavoisier ta rasa abin dogaro.

Ma'anar Bronsted-Lowry  

An tsara wannan ma'anar ne da kansa a cikin 1923, wanda ana iya lura da tushensa a cikin karin bayanan sansanonin, ta hanyar aiwatar da deprotonation na acid, wanda za'a iya bayyana shi don ƙarin fahimta azaman ikon acid don iya bayar da gudummawar cations na hydrogen zuwa tushe, wanda ya ci gaba da karɓar wannan aikin.

Wannan yana da banbanci sosai da ma'anar Arrhenius, saboda bai kunshi samuwar ruwa da gishiri ba, sai dai na hadadadden acid da asasai, wadanda ake samu ta hanyar canzawar wani proton wanda zai iya yin acid don isar da shi zuwa tushe.

A cikin wannan ma'anar, ana iya ganin canjin canji cikin sharuɗɗan da aka san acid da tushe da shi, saboda an san acid a matsayin mahaɗin da ke da ikon bayar da gudummawar proton, yayin da tushe duk waɗannan abubuwa ne da aka ba damar karɓar proton, a sakamakon wannan, ana iya cewa wani abu ne na tushen acid shine kawar da cation na hydrogen daga acid, kuma ta tsoho ƙari wannan zuwa tushe.

Wannan tsari yana son komawa zuwa ga kawar da wani proton daga kwayar zarra, wannan aikin bashi da sauki sosai, tunda rashin sauki daga acid din bai wadatar ba, sai dai ya zama dole aci gaba da kawar da wani cation hydrogen.

Ma'anar Lewis

Wannan ma'anar ta hada da tushe na ka'idar Bronsted-Lowry da kuma manufar da wannan ya gabatar don tsarin narkewa, wannan ka'idar an buga shi a cikin 1923 ta mai ilimin hada magunguna Gilbert Lewis.

Lewis a cikin wannan ma'anar yana gabatar da tushe, wanda ya sa masa suna "the Lewis base" wanda ke da ikon ba da gudummawar kayan lantarki da na asid a matsayin "Lewis acid" kasancewar shi wannan mai karɓar nau'ikan lantarki ne. Wannan ma'anar ta sha bamban da wacce aka kawo kuma aka sanya a sama, saboda basu ambaci cewa ana auna acid da asasai tare da proton ko wani abu mai daure ba.

Wannan ya kamata a ka'idarsa cewa anion shine acid, kuma cation shine tushe wanda ke da nau'in lantarki wanda ba a raba shi ba, idan an yi amfani da wannan ma'anar, ana iya fahimtar tasirin acid-acid yayin da kyautar kai tsaye ta ma'aurata ta lantarki ta zo daga na anion, isar da shi zuwa ga cation, manajan samar da wani hadewa covalent bond. Wannan haɗin an san shi da samuwar mafi mahimmin mahadi ga rayuwa, ruwa.

Ma'anar Liebig

An gabatar da wannan a cikin 1828, bayan aan shekarun baya fiye da Lavoisier, wannan ka'idar ta dogara ne akan aikin da yake da shi akan ƙwayoyin sunadarai. Kafin wannan ma'anar akwai bambancin koyarwar da Davy ya fara, wanda ya fi mai da hankali kan komai akan sinadarin oxygen, da kuma acid din da yake kan hydrogen.

A cewar Liebig ana iya bayyana acid a matsayin abu wanda ke dauke da kansa hydrogen, kuma ana iya maye gurbinsa, ko kuma canza shi da karfe. Wannan ka'idar duk da kasancewarsa mafi akasari akan hanyoyin karfafawa, an sami nasarar aiki tsawon shekaru 5.

Ma'anar Arrhenius

Masanin kimiyyar hada sinadaran dan kasar Sweden Svante Arrhenius ya nemi ya zamanantar da ka'idoji da ma'anonin da aka bayar dangane da abinda ya faru tsakanin asid da sansanoni, sannan kuma yana neman saukaka wadannan sharuddan.

A cikin 1884 ya gudanar da aiki tare tare da Friedrich Wilhelm inda suka sami nasarar tabbatar da kasancewar ions a cikin wani bayani na ruwa, saboda mahimmancin wani aiki Arrhenius aka bashi babbar dama ta karɓar kyautar Nobel a Chemistry a shekarar 1903.

Ma'anar gargajiyar-ruwa-tushe ana iya bayyana ta azaman keɓaɓɓiyar samuwar abin da aka sani da ruwa daga ion hydroxyl da na hydrogen, ko kuma kasancewar samuwar waɗannan daga rarrabawar acid da kuma tushe a cikin maganin ruwa.

Ma'anar Pearson (mai taushi-taushi)

Wannan ma'anar da Ralph Pearson ya buga a cikin 1963, kodayake an inganta ta da ƙarfi a cikin 1984 tare da goyon bayan aikin Robert Parr, wanda sunansa shine halayen acid-base mai taushi-taushi, ana amfani da waɗannan sifofin ta hanyar mai zuwa, Soft ana amfani dashi don komawa ga manyan kayan ƙanshi, waɗanda suke da ƙasa  hadawan abu yana hadawa, kuma suna da karfi sosai, ana amfani da Hard wajen komawa ga kananan halittu, kuma suna da halin samun kasashe masu dauke da abubuwa masu yawa.

Wannan ma'anar tana da matukar amfani ga tafiyar da ilmin sunadarai da inorganic, kuma manyan ayyukanta suna nuna cewa asid da sansanonin zasu iya hulɗa da juna, kuma mafi yawan al'amuran sune halayen mahaɗan da suke da halaye iri ɗaya, kamar misali laushi -soft, ko wuya-wuya

Wannan ka'idar kuma ana kiranta da ma'anar ABDB, wanda ke da matukar amfani don tsinkayar samfuran halayen metathesis. A yau an tabbatar da cewa wannan aikin na iya nuna ƙwarewa da aikin kayan fashewa.

Wannan ka'idar ta ta'allaka ne akan halaye na inganci fiye da wadanda ake gwadawa, wadanda ke taimakawa wajen fahimta ta hanya mafi sauki abubuwan da suka shafi ilmin sunadarai da halayen su.

Ma'anar Usanovich

Mikhail Usanovich, wani masanin ilmin kimiya na Rasha, shi ma ya yi ma'anar abin da sinadarin acid ke nunawa, kuma ana iya cewa wannan shi ne mafi yaduwa a cikin duka, inda a ciki ne aka ƙaddara cewa acid dukkan waɗannan abubuwa ne masu sinadarai da ke iya yarda da nau'ikan marasa kyau, ko wancan, idan aka gaza hakan, yana bayar da kyakyawan jinsi, ma'anar ginshikin da Usanovich ke bayarwa, kishiyar na acid din.

Amincewar sinadarai da sansanonin da wannan masanin sunadarai na Rasha ya gabatar ya yi daidai da wani aikin sinadaran, wanda aka sani da "redox reaction" wanda ya shafi aikin rage-kuzari, don haka ba shi da tagomashin masana sunadarai.

Yawancin halayen da aka gabatar suna dogara ne akan ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwa da karyewa, amma redox, kuma Usanovich's an saita su azaman hanyoyin canza wurin lantarki, wanda ke haifar da bambance-bambancen tsakanin waɗannan biyun ya zama yaɗuwa gabaɗaya.

Ma'anar Lux-Ambaliyar

Ana amfani da wannan ma'anar a cikin ilimin kimiyyar ƙasa na zamani da lantarki na narkakken gishiri, wanda aka gabatar da rubutun a cikin 1939 ta wani masanin kimiyyar kimiyyar bajamushe da aka sani da Hermann Lux, kuma aka sake haɓaka shi don samun ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin 1947 ta masanin kimiyyar Hakon Ruwa, saboda wannan dalili an san shi ga wannan dauki da sunayen karshe biyu na daya.

A cikin wannan mutum na iya jin daɗin ra'ayoyi na musamman game da acid da tushe, tushen shine mai ba da taimako na anions na oxide, yayin da acid sune masu karɓar maganganun.

Ma'anar tsarin narkewa

Wannan ma'anar tana da matukar mahimmanci a sani dangane da wannan batun, tunda yawancin masana sunadarai wadanda suka aiwatar da ka'idojinsu tsawon shekaru wani lokacin sunyi tsokaci akan tsarin narkewar sinadarin, wanda ya ta'allaka ne akan gamsashshiyar ma'anar Arrhenius. Wanda aka fallasa a sama.

Akwai wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan jinsin tabbatattu a cikin mafi yawan wadannan sinadaran, wadanda aka fi sani da solvonium cations, kuma idan ba haka ba, suma suna da nau'ikan halittu marasa kyau irin su anions solvonium, wadanda suke cikin yanayin daidaito da kwayoyin tsaka-tsakin na sauran abun.

A cikin wannan ma'anar, za a iya bayyana tushe a matsayin abu mai warwarewa wanda ke haifar da ƙaruwa a cikin cations na solvonium, yayin da acid ɗin sune waɗanda ke haifar da raguwar anions na solvonium.

Wannan ma'anar ta dogara da duka mahaɗin da sauran ƙarfi, don haka ya dogara da maɓallin da aka zaɓa, mahaɗin na iya samun ikon canza halinsa.

Yana da matukar ban sha'awa yadda masana kimiya daban-daban daga sassa daban-daban na duniya, da lokuta daban-daban, kowannensu yayi magana kuma ya gabatar da ma'anarsa ta daban akan batun daya, kuma bi da bi wannan yana da mahimmanci ga karatu da tarihin ilimin sunadarai, saboda haɗuwa Tare duk waɗannan sharuɗɗan, yana yiwuwa a san mafi mahimmancin dukkanin bangarorin da aka yi la’akari da su game da acid da asusansu da kuma yadda suke yin sulhu.