Jamhuriyar Meziko ita ce wurin da wasu wayewa kuma mafi wayewar wayewa a Amurka, wanda aka sani da al'adun Mesoamerican saboda yankin na nahiyar Amurka wanda ya haɗa da kudancin Mexico da yankuna na Guatemala, El Salvador, Belize da yankunan yamma na Jamhuriyoyin Nicaragua, Honduras da Costa Rica.
Wadannan al'adun an kiyaye su tsawon lokaci ba kawai ta hanyar aikin masu bincike ba. Fiye da duka, ya kasance ne saboda alamun da suka bari tare da ci gaban su na yau da kullun a fannoni daban-daban kamar aikin gona, fasaha, tsarin gine-gine, da lissafi, da sauransu.
Halaye na al'adun Mesoamerica
Mafi kyawun halayen da al'adun Mesoamerican suka raba sune aikace-aikacen kalandarku (aikin gona ɗaya na kwanaki 260 ɗayan kuma na kwanaki 365), zane-zane da rubutun hieroglyphic; koko da amfanin gona na masara, na biyun kuma yana wucewa ta wani tsari da ake kira nixtamalization, canza abinci zuwa taro.
Sauran siffofin sifa iri ɗaya sune aikin bautar allah ta wadanda suka jagoranci imaninsu da kasancewarsu; sadaukar da kai na mutane, al'adar wasanni irin su hadayu, gina wuraren biki (tsarin pyramidal), karin bayani game da mutum-mutumi (galibi mata suna bautar haihuwa) da tsarin tsarin Allah.
Duk da ire-iren wadannan abubuwan daban daban, kowace al'ada tana da yadda take aiki da bunkasa abubuwa; kasancewa wasu mahimmancin mahimmanci fiye da wasu saboda ƙimar da iyakar samfurin.
A binciken farko, gami da na Kirista duverger, ya fitar da cewa Aztecs sune saman jerin daga cikin mafiya mahimmanci kuma fitattu, duk da haka, bayan lokaci, wasu karatuttukan suka fito wanda ya ƙaryata irin waɗannan ra'ayoyin kuma har ma yayi nazarin cewa babu wani matsayi kamar haka amma al'adun Mesoamerican samfurin ne wanda ya ƙunshi mutane da yawa kuma imani.
Al'adu masu fadi
Mayas
Wasu gungun 'yan asalin ƙasar ne da ke zaune a jihohin Yucatán, Campeche, Tabasco da Chiapas na ƙasar Meziko, a yawancin Guatemala da kuma yankunan Belize da Honduras. Tun daga shekara 1000 kafin zuwan Almasihu.
Daya daga cikin fitattun halaye shine ƙirƙirar "kawai" rubutaccen yare na pre-Columbian America, wanda aka sani da glyphic. Hakanan sun yi fice don kasancewarsu waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa sosai ga fasaha, gine-gine, lissafi da tsarin sararin samaniya. Hakanan suna da fifikon cewa tattalin arzikinsu gaba daya harkar noma ne ke shugabanta kuma sun noma koko, auduga, wake, rogo, dankali mai zaki da galibi masara.
Dangane da gine-ginenta, wanda ya kasance abin birgewa, an banbance shi da manyan kango a shafuka kamar Copán, Tikal, Uaxactún, Quiriguá, Bonampak, Tulún da Chichén Itzá, Palenque, Uxmal da Mayapán; cewa su wasu nau'ikan wuraren ibada ne inda ake aiwatar da ayyukan addini.
Aya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa game da wayewar Mayan a yau shine cewa a cikin karni na 14th an ƙirƙiri nassoshi a cikin yaren Mayan tare da haruffan Latin, wanda ya haifar da sanannen labari mai mahimmanci game da tarihin mutanen Mayan da halittar duniya. ,, 'Popol Vuh'.
A yau mazaunan karkara na Yucatan da Guatemala, galibi, su ne Mayan. Kuma yarensu, wanda aka fi sani da Yucatecan, kusan mutane 350.000 ke magana da shi.
Aztek
Sun kasance mutane ne masu fifiko, tare da ingantacciyar daula a tsakiya da kudancin Mexico a Mesoamerica, daga ƙarni na 14 zuwa kusan 16th.
Dangane da bincike, ikon kafa irin wannan kakkarfan gwamnatin kama-karya ya kasance ne saboda karfin da suka ba da imanin akidarsu. Daya daga cikin nasarorin da yayi fice shine halittar birnin Tenochtitlán, wanda yake a cikin garin Mexico na yanzu, babban birnin ƙasar.
Dangane da abubuwan da aka kirkira, akwai gadoji wadanda suka hada gari da babban yankin, da kuma magudanan ruwa da magudanan ruwa da ake amfani dasu wajen jigilar kayayyaki.
Ya kamata a lura cewa tattalin arzikin wannan al'ada ya dogara ne akan kasuwa. An fitar da kayan kasuwancin zuwa Amurka ta Tsakiya da yankunan masarautar Aztec kanta kuma an samu wannan ta hanyar yarjejeniya tare da yankunan da aka ci da yaƙi.
Wani abin sha'awa shine cewa al'ummomin wayewarsu sun kasu kashi biyu na bayi, talakawa da manyan mutane. Kuma dabarun kusan abin da aka sani ne daga al'adu da labarai, ma'ana, bayi sun yi hayar bautar, za su iya siyan freedomancinsu, a tsakanin sauran ayyuka.
Mafi ƙarancin fili
- Al'adun Olmec: Mutanen da suka gabata na Olmecs daga kudancin Tekun Mexico an san su da kafa mafi wayewar wayewa a Mesoamerica, wanda shine Mexico da Amurka ta Tsakiya. Lokaci yana komawa daga kusan 1500 zuwa 900 BC Dangane da bincike, yankin tsakiyarta ya mamaye kusan 18.000 km2, a cikin dazukan kogin jihohin Mexico na yanzu na Veracruz da Tabasco, wanda yake da fadama.
- Al'adun Zapotec: Sun fara daga 800 a. na C. a Monte Albán (Mexico), yana ƙarewa a shekara ta 1521 d. C. lokacin da Mixtecas suka ci manyan cibiyoyin Zapotec, yankin yankin Tekun Pacific da arewa maso yammacin Mexico.
Kamar al'adun Teotihuacan, Zapotec ya kasance ɗayan mafi girma a cikin al'adun Mesoamerican a lokacin. Mafi girman fitowar sa an yi shi ne don kirkirar kayan fasaha tare da fuka-fukai da yin kayan adon.
- Al'adar Teotihuacan: Ofaya daga cikin mafi girman ganewar shi shine ƙirƙirar mafi mahimmancin al'adu na tsakiyar fasahar tsohuwar Mexico, a cikin 200 BC. C. Samun damar faɗaɗawa zuwa abin da yake yanzu Guatemala. Ance mafi kyawun matakin wannan wayewar ya faru tsakanin 350 zuwa 650 AD. by Tsakar Gida
Ya kamata a san cewa wayewar Teotihuacan ɗayan ɗayan mafiya tasiri ne a cikin al'adun Mesoamerican.
- Al'adun Toltec: Toltec mutanen ƙasar Meziko ne suka ƙaura daga arewacin abin da ke Mexico yanzu, bayan raguwar (a wajajen 700 AD) na babban birnin Teotihuacán, kuma wanda ya kafa ƙasar soja a Tula, kilomita 64 arewa da birnin Mexico na zamani. , a karni na XNUMX Miladiyya
- Al'adun Chichimeca: Su mutane ne na manyan al'adu na yankin tsakiyar Mexico ga mazaunan manyan yankuna arewacin, ana ɗaukar su na farko. A cewar masu binciken, a cikin yaren Nahuatl kalmar Chichimeca na iya nufin 'na tsatson karnuka'.
- Al'adun Mixtec: Bincike ya nuna cewa al'adun Mixtec sun samo asali ne daga kudancin Mexico daga karni na 9 zuwa farkon karni na 16. An lura dasu da aikinsu a cikin dutse da karafa daban-daban. Dangane da fannoni na musamman, sun kasance mosaics na fuka-fukai, kayan kwalliyar polychrome, da saƙar zane da zane.
Ba za a iya wuce fasaharsa ba kuma membobinsa sun sami karɓar sanannun masu fasaha a Meziko.