Manyan ayyukan wallafe-wallafen 15 mafi girma na Renaissance

Ana dauke shi "sake haifuwa”Zuwa lokacin daga 1400 zuwa 1600 bayan Almasihu, ma’ana, daga karni na XNUMX zuwa na XNUMX. Wannan wani yunkuri ne na al'adu wanda ya faro a cikin Turai, inda kodayake mafi sauya fasali shi ne adabi, ana iya lura da sabbin abubuwa a fannin kimiyya.

Motsi ya nema sake amfani da ra'ayoyin mutane, wannan yana ba da damar neman wata sabuwar ma'ana ga ɗan adam da kuma duniyar da yake zaune. Ya kasance kamar komawa zamanin al'adun Greco-Latin ne, kawai yanzu ana karɓar samfurin al'ada wanda yanayin yana da wuri mafi mahimmanci; wanda aka karba daga gare shi ta hanyar akida da tsayayyun ra'ayoyi wadanda suka mamaye nahiyar Turai a zamanin da (wannan yunkuri ya kasance canji ne daga tsakiyar zamanai zuwa na zamani).

A waccan lokacin, adadi mai yawa na wallafe-wallafen Renaissance ya fito fili, wanda ba kawai ya zama abin birgewa a cikin waɗannan shekarun ba, amma yawancinsu har yanzu suna daga cikin mafi kyau a duniya a yau. Misali, Don Quijote de la Mancha wanda Miguel de Cervantes ya rubuta, aiki mafi fassara da sayarwa a duniya (ba tare da yin la'akari da Baibul ba), inda kusan a duk ƙasashen duniya ana yin karatu a makarantu da jami'o'i.

Kamar wannan misalin, akwai ƙarin ayyuka. Dole ne kawai ku waiwaya ku wuce cikin wasu lokuta daga zamanin Renaissance kuma ku nemi shahararrun mutane waɗanda ayyukan su suka mamaye miliyoyin mutane a duniya.

Bugu da ƙari, ba littattafai ne kawai na ayyukan adabin Renaissance ba; zamu iya samun waka, kasida ko wasan kwaikwayo, misali, tunda adabin ya kunshi nau'uka daban-daban. Koyaya, zaku lura da yadda yawancin ayyukan litattafai ne, rubuce-rubuce har ma da rubutun (Machivelo).

Utopia daga Tomas Mora

Tomás Moro ne ya kirkiro kalmar "Utopia", mahaliccin littafin labari iri daya. Ma'anarta ita ce, a ma'ana ta zahiri "babu-wuri", wanda ke nufin wani shafin da babu shi lokacin da marubucin yake so bayyana ra'ayin jama'al (kodayake bayan shekaru kalmar ta sami wata ma'anar). Bugu da kari, cikakken sunan aikin shine "Littafin kyakkyawan yanayin jamhuriya a cikin sabon tsibirin Utopia" kuma an fara buga shi tun shekara ta 1516.

An rarraba aikin zuwa kashi biyu. Na farko zama tattaunawa wanda marubucin yayi amfani da kwatancin don yin bayani dalla-dalla game da yankuna daban-daban na Ingila a shekarun Renaissance (XV da XVI); yayin da na biyun ya mai da hankali kan wani mutum wanda ke ba da labarin yadda rayuwa take a tsibirin "babu shi" a fannoni kamar siyasa, falsafa ko fasaha, waɗanda suka bambanta da sauran al'ummomi a lokacin.

Matsalar Miguel de Montaigne

labarai shi ma ɗayan shahararrun ayyukan adabi ne na Renaissance. An rubuta ta Michael de Montaigne kuma aka buga shi a shekara ta 1580, wato a cikin ƙarni na XNUMX. Bayan haka, ana ɗaukar marubucin ɗayan manyan masu bayyana ra'ayin ɗan adam na Faransa a wancan lokacin.

Wannan aikin tattarawa ne na rubuce-rubuce 107, shine yasa yasa yake da wannan sunan. Abin da ke girgiza ba wai kawai abubuwan da suke ciki ba ne, inda aka samo shi daga taƙaitaccen tunani, zuwa ainihin makala inda yake amfani da falsafar stoic o m da sauransu cike da kwarewa ko kwarewar mutum; amma har ma da hanyar da aka rubuta su, tun lokacin da aka kirkiro aikin, Montaigne yayi tunani da kyau yayin da sakatarorin nasa ke daukar bayanai.

Yariman Nicholas Machiavelli

Wannan ne Aikin adabi na Renaissance mafi mashahuri na Machiavelli, masanin falsafar siyasa kuma ma'aikacin gwamnati na lokacin Renaissance, wanda aka dauke shi a matsayin mahaifin kimiyyar siyasa; Bugu da kari, sunansa ya yi amfani da ma'anar kalmomin "Machiavellian da Machiavellianism." Babu takamaiman ranar fitowar, amma ana tsammanin ya kasance tsakanin 1531 da 1532.

Yarima ba littafi ba ne ko tarihi, amma mahimmin rubutu ne (nau'in adabi wanda ke ba da damar gabatar da takamaiman ilimi cikin tsari) na yanayin siyasa. Wadda aka yi nufin bayyana wa sarakunan lokacin (sarakuna) ingantacciyar hanyar da ya kamata su yi mulki idan suna son ci gaba da mulki.

Eulogy ga hauka na Erasmus

A tsakiyar zamanai, Erasmus (1467-1536) an dauke shi daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan adamtaka a Nahiyar Turai, wani abu da ya nuna da aikinsa "The yabo na hauka" wanda aka buga a 1511 kuma shi ma ya sadaukar da shi ga abokinsa Thomas More.

Aikin "rubutun" ne wanda ya fara da gutsuttsarin sautin izgili, wanda a ciki ya shafi batutuwa kamar camfe camfe, munanan ayyukan Cocin da masu yawo; sa'an nan kuma ci gaba sosai musamman taken, da fa'idodi na jahilci akan hankali da hankali, wanda ke baiwa mutane yan aji daban-daban damar yin murmushi duk da yanayin da suke ciki.

Don Quixote de la Mancha na Miguel de Cervantes

"Don Quijote de la Mancha" ana ɗaukarsa mafi kyawun aikin adabi a duniya, wanda aka rubuta Miguel de Cervantes kuma ta buga sashinta na farko a Spain a shekara ta 1605 sannan na biyu kuma bayan shekaru goma, wato, 1615.

Littafin Cervantes shine ya kasance magabacin littafin zamani kuma shima na polyphonic ne (haɗewar dabaru da tunani daban-daban ta fuskoki daban-daban). A ciki, an yi amfani da sautin burlesque, wani abu da ya faru a karon farko a wancan lokacin kuma daga ƙarshe ya ƙaura daga ladabi da ɗabi'a mai kyau.

Aikin bawai kawai bane wasan kwaikwayo na chivalry littattafai daga nan, amma har ila yau marubucin ya yi amfani da damar ya soki al'ummar Sifen har ma a kaikaice ya gayyaci masu karatu don yin tunani a kan fannoni daban-daban, kamar adalci, soyayya ko imani. Duk wannan a ƙarƙashin wata hujja ce ta asali da ta asali, daga wani mutum mai matsakaicin shekaru daga La Mancha (ɗan shekara 50) wanda, bayan ya karanta adadi mai yawa na littattafan chivalric, ya yanke shawarar yin ado kamar jarumi kuma ya ci gaba da rayuwarsa ta almara. wanda yawancin haruffa ke amfani da shi ko yin ba'a shi da abokin aikin sa, Sancho Panza. Samun nasara daga karshe Don Quixote ya dawo cikin hayyacin sa bayan abubuwan da bai dace ba, amma a sakamakon haka, ya rasa ransa.

Rayuwar Lazarillo de Tormes

Wannan ma ɓangare ne na mafi kyau Ayyukan adabi na Renaissance Duk da rashin sanin mawallafin shi, ma'ana, wanda ya kirkiro wannan littafin na Sifen ba a san sunan shi ba (duk da cewa akwai 'yan takara da yawa da aka danganta aikin da su, amma har yanzu ba a sami ainihin ba). Bugu da kari, wannan share fage ne na karin tsarin "picaresque novel" albarkacin amfani da abubuwa daban-daban wadanda ba kasafai ake samunsu a lokacin ba.

Wannan aikin ya kawo labarin rayuwar Lázaro de Tormes tun daga haihuwarsa har zuwa aurensa, inda marubucin ya tabo batutuwan da suka shafi zamantakewar al'umma kamar mugunta ko munafunci, musamman na manyan masu rike da addini. An rubuta shi ne ta hanyar tarihin rayuwar mutum, don haka riwayar ta hanyar Lázaro ne da kansa yana ba da labarin abubuwan da ya faru da su, da kuma haɗuwarsa da malamin addini, squire, friar of Mercy, buldero, capelin kuma a ƙarshe, ma'aikacin kotu.

Romeo da Juliet na William Shakespeare

Wannan mummunan aikin na William Shakespeare (Marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Turanci, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da mawaƙi) yana ɗaya daga cikin kyawawan ayyukan adabin Renaissance, na marubucin da na duniya (har ma da Hamlet, kodayake "Romeo da Juliet" sun fi wakilta). Ranar bugawar ita ce 1597 kuma an buga ta cikin yaren Ingilishi.

Wasan kwaikwayo ya ƙunshi labarin masoya biyu waɗanda ba za su iya kasancewa tare ba saboda danginsu sun kasance abokan hamayya. Koyaya, dukansu sun yanke shawarar tserewa, suyi aure a ɓoye kuma su zauna tare; Amma wannan sake darajar, tare da adadi mai yawa na abubuwan, ya sa ma'auratan sun gwammace kashe kansu maimakon rayuwa ba tare da juna ba. Abun ban haushi, idan iyalan biyu suka mutu, sai suyi sulhu.

Hamlet na William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare ya sake bayyana tare da wani wasan kwaikwayo mai ban tausayi wanda ya buga a shekara ta 1605, wanda ya kira shi "Hamlet", wannan wasan kwaikwayo ne da ya danganci duka labari na amleth kuma a cikin Ur-Hamlet, kuma shima shine mafi tsaran marubucin.

Labarin ya kunshi Sarki Hamlet na Denmark, wanda Claudius (ɗan'uwan sarki) ya kashe. Daga can, ɗan Hamlet ya bayyana fatalwar mahaifinsa yana neman taimakonsa don ɗaukar fansa akan mai kisan.

Manyan jigogin wasan sune ramuwar gayya, cin amana, munafunci ko ma dangi. Bugu da kari, a bayyane yake yadda zafin mutuwar mahaifinsa ya sanya dan canza wannan "bakin ciki" zuwa yawan fushi.

Gaskiya daɗaɗɗen tsari ne kuma ɗayan kyawawan ayyukan adabin Renaissance a cikin adabin Ingilishi, da kuma wasu ayyukan marubucin (Romeo da Juliet, da Macbeth)

Muna fatan cewa waɗannan ayyukan adabin na Renaissance sun dace da ku, tunda da gaske kayan gargajiya ne da duk mai son adabi ya karanta. Kar ka manta da raba shi a kan hanyoyin sadarwar ku, tunda tabbas wani na iya sha'awar.

Kyakkyawan littafin soyayya na Arcipreste de Hita

Wani babban ne misalan wallafe-wallafen Renaissance. A ciki, zamu sami gabatarwarsa, inda marubucin ya bayyana ma'anar aikin. Sannan akwai tarihin rayuwar mutum, kodayake tare da abubuwa da yawa na almara, wanda tuni littafin kansa ne. Wani aiki wanda ya sake bada labarin soyayya daban-daban tare da mutane daban-daban Amma ba kawai wannan ba, amma aikin yana tare da tatsuniyoyi ko labarai wanda ke ba da ƙarin bayani da kuma taɓawar farin ciki da kuke so, da yawa.

Akwai ishara da kuma daidaitawa zuwa a na da comedy hakan ya fito ne daga hannun haruffan Don Melón da Doña Endrina. Satires da parodies ba su da nisa a baya. Abin da ya sa ya zama ɗayan manyan kayan adon wannan lokacin wanda koyaushe dole ne a kula da shi.

Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Mafarki

Sake sake Shakespeare ya sake tsara wani muhimmin wasan kwaikwayo. Yana da wani comedy da aka rubuta game da shekara, 1595. Yana recounts duk details da aka generated a kusa da Bikin auren theseus zuwa Hippolyta. Shi ne Sarkin Atina kuma ita ce Sarauniyar Amazons. An haɗu da labarin soyayya tare da mafarkai da yawa amma kuma tare da sihiri, tunda ana ganin almara a koyaushe. Kamar yadda ba zai iya zama ƙasa da ƙasa ba, akwai wasu nau'ikan daga baya kuma an ɗauke shi zuwa duniyar sinima a lokuta da dama.

Dante's Allahntakar Comedy

Ba a san takamaiman ranar da Dante's Divine Comedy ya rubuta ba. Amma sananne ne cewa yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan littattafan wallafe-wallafen Italiyanci da ma duniya baki daya. Abin da wannan littafin yake gaya mana shi ne duk abin da aka koya tsawon shekaru. Daga mafi zamanin zamani zuwa zamanin da.

A ciki ya bayyana abubuwan da ya yi imani da su, musamman na addini da kuma na falsafa. Da yawa tunani aka yi wa haruffa masu ba da labari. Kuma da yawa sun bayyana shi a matsayin waƙar addini wanda ke sanya batutuwa kamar zunubi ko alloli akan tebur. A tsarinta muna da sassa da yawa: Wuta, A'araf da Aljanna.

La Celestina ta Fernando de Rojas

Fernando de Rojas marubucin Spain ne, musamman daga Talavera de la Reina. An san shi da yawa saboda ba da rai ga La Celestina. Ya kasance yana da fassarori da yawa amma abin da muke bayyane a fili shi ne cewa yana ba da labarin ne tsakanin Calisto da Melibea. Labarin soyayya, mai ban tausayi wanda ya faru tun daga ƙarshen karni na XNUMX.

A wancan lokacin abu ne gama gari a yi amfani da mutum ya zama mai shiga tsakanin mutane biyu. Don haka saduwa ko saduwa ta faru tsakanin masoya. Baya ga labarin kansa, halaye da zurfin da kowane hali ke nunawa ma masu ban sha'awa ne. Kodayake da alama cewa Fernando de Rojas yana son abin da yake so ƙirƙirar haruffa biyu don haɓaka juna kuma ta haka ne halayen kowane ɗayansu ƙirƙira ne da gaske.

Doctor Faustus na Marlowe

Wannan littafin yayi magana akan Maɗaukaki wanda ya shahara sosai a cikin al'adun Jamusawa. Don haka muna iya cewa tatsuniya ce ta gargajiya. Haka kuma babu wani takamaiman ranar fitowar littafin, amma an yi imanin cewa ba zai yi nisa ba daga 1593. Idan aka fadada magana, za mu iya cewa abin takaici ne.

Kodayake, kamar yadda yake faruwa sau da yawa, kuma kusan a zahiri, zamu sami maimaita abubuwan ban dariya. Yana da duka mala'iku masu kyau da sauransu waɗanda basu da kyau. A hade wanda kuma ya hada da zunubai bakwai masu saurin kisa.

Mutuwar Arthur na Malory

Yana ɗayan sanannun sanannun ayyukan kuma zai ba da labarin mutuwar Arturo, kamar yadda takensa ya nuna, kodayake ba ɗayan tsofaffin taken wannan nau'in ba ne. Kasance haka kawai, akwai sassan da za'a iya cewa da gaske Ba'a buga abu daga Maloy ba. Amma a cikin wasu, karbuwa ne.

Ta yaya zai zama ƙasa da ƙasa, gaskiya ne cewa ban da magana da bayar da labarin abubuwan da suka gabata a rayuwar Sarki Arthur, Yana kuma aikata shi a kan Knights na zagaye tebur. Abubuwa masu yawa waɗanda suma suna da mahimmanci don samun damar fahimtar labarin da kyau. Arturo, Merlin ko Morgana zasu kasance a cikin ruwayar.

Gargantua da Pantagruel

Da kyau, ba mu so mu watsar da wannan zaɓi na ayyukan adabi daga Renaissance ba tare da magana game da ayyukan Faransa ba. A wannan yanayin, waɗannan littattafai biyar ne waɗanda aka rubuta su François Rabelais. A cikinsu za mu ga abubuwan da suka faru na ƙattai biyu.

Daya Gargantúa dayan kuma Pantagruel, wanda dan sa ne. Labarin an rubuta shi ne ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba kuma tare da almubazzarancin burushi don lokacinta. Ba tare da mantawa da zagin da ake da'awa da wasu halaye masu alaƙa da ɗanɗano ba, amma ba a lura da hakan ba. Kasancewa ɗayan ayyukan don la'akari.