Gwajin IQ - Menene su, menene don su kuma yaya aka rarraba su?

Hankali an bayyana shi azaman ikon da mutane ke da shi koya, fahimta, fahimta, fassara; wanda ke basu damar ƙirƙirar tunanin gaskiya da haɓaka ƙwarewa don warware matsaloli daban-daban da suka taso. A cikin labarin da ke gaba za mu bayyana hanyar da za a auna wannan ƙarfin, da bambanci nau'ikan gwajin hankali cewa wanzu

Menene gwajin hankali?

G. Boring ya bayyana su ne kawai kamar kowane gwaji wanda za'a iya auna hankali da shi. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ya kasance yana da ma'anoni daban-daban daga mahangar ka'ida da kuma yadda ake gudanar da aiki, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa akwai abinda ake kira ka'idar Gardner, wanda yake cewa akwai nau'ikan hankali guda bakwai: ilimin harshe, ma'ana-ilimin lissafi, sarari, kide kide, jiki kinestheticl; da siffofin mutum biyu na sirri (hulda da mu'amalal). Ana auna ukun farko ta hanyar gwajin hankali.

Menene gwajin hankali?

Suna ba da izinin ƙayyadewa, ko don kafa manyan ƙarancin matakan ƙarfin tunani a cikin mutane; ta wannan hanyar don haɓaka karatu a fagen fahimi da halayensu. Wannan yana da matukar amfani wajen gano nakasa ta hankali ga yara da manya, kuma hakan yana ba da damar sanya su cikin shirye-shirye na musamman waɗanda suka dace da iyawar su, wanda hakan yana sauƙaƙe ci gaban su.

Duk da haka, kimantawar hankali Ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje ba kawai neman gano jinkiri ko rikitarwa yanayin hauka ba. Hakanan suna da matukar amfani don gane masu baiwa kuma kamar yadda ake nemansu a cikin filayen da zasuyi aiki mai gamsarwa; a cikin abin da ci gabansu da yawan aikinsu ke inganta.

Sauran amfani da gwajin hankali sune:

• Suna aiki ne don ba da shawarwari na ba da shawara kan ilmi da sana'o'i da gyarawa.
• A bangaren ilimi, ana amfani da waɗannan gwaje-gwajen don aiwatar da zaɓin da sanya ɗalibai a wasu cibiyoyi, musamman game da ilimin boko.
• A cikin yankin kwadago, ana kuma amfani da su don gano nakasar da ke tattare da aiki, daidai saboda buƙatar inshora.
• A cikin zaɓin ma'aikata waɗanda suka dace da wasu ayyuka a cikin kasuwanci daban-daban, masana'antu ko ƙungiyoyin gwamnati.
• A fagen ilimin halayyar dan adam, gwajin hankali yana ba da damar fahimtar ilimin halayyar yara da majiyyata a mahalli daban-daban na asibiti.
• Bugu da ƙari, suna ba da damar kimanta tasirin tasirin jiyya daban-daban da ake amfani da su ga marasa lafiya da wasu cututtuka.

Nau'in gwajin hankali

Duk waɗannan gwaje-gwajen suna da manufa ɗaya, wanda shine ma'aunin hankali. Koyaya, za'a sami bambance-bambance tsakanin ɗayan da ɗayan bisa tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi, kuma wannan shine ke haifar da buƙatar rarrabasu. Hanya mafi dacewa don rarraba waɗannan gwaje-gwajen shine gwargwadon yawan mutanen da ake amfani da su. Ta wannan hanyar, muna da manyan nau'ikan gwaje-gwajen hankali biyu: mutum ko gama gari ko kungiyako; daga wacce gwaje-gwaje daban-daban da kwararru suka gabatar a cikin tarihi suka samo asali. An bayar da cikakken bayanin su a ƙasa.

Gwajin mutum daya

Gwajin mutum daya-daya shine wadanda aka tsara don kimantawa da wasu kwarewar mutum daya a lokaci daya. Dangane da wannan, yana iya zama cewa ta hanyarsu za a iya samun ci gaba mai tasiri na mutum. Wannan saboda masu binciken zasu zama masu son kiyaye wasu halaye kamar su damuwa, damuwa, damuwa, da warware matsalar, kuma za ku iya ɗaukar matakai don ƙarfafa shi cikin nasara.

Daga cikin manyan halayen waɗannan nau'ikan gwaje-gwajen hankali akwai:

• Suna da hankali a duniya, yayin da suke neman kimanta kwarewar fahimta a cikin hanyar gaba ɗaya.
• Idan aka kwatanta da jarabawar gama kai, a cikin jarabawar mutum, masu binciken zasu iya ba da hankali ga masu binciken don samun ƙarin tabbataccen sakamako.
• Ana amfani da su a dakunan shan magani, asibitoci da wuraren da ake gudanar da bincike na asibiti.

Mafi yawan lokuta, gwajin hankali na mutum da aka yi amfani da shi don tantance ikon iya fahimta na yara da manya a ƙarƙashin mahallin daban an samo su ne daga ayyukan Lewis Terman da David Wechsler. Koyaya, akwai wasu gwaje-gwajen mutum wanda aka haɓaka don ƙididdigar hankali na yara da manya da matsalolin yare ko na zahiri; waɗannan kuma suna dogara ne akan ayyukan Terman da Wechsler, amma sun bambanta da na farko.

Duk da haka, da Siffar Sirrin Stanford-Binet Shine wanda ya daɗe yana aiki a matsayin ma'auni don auna hankalin mutum a cikin yara. Terman da Wechsler sun yi aiki a lokuta da dama don haɓaka wannan sikelin. Sakamakon kowane gyare-gyare an bayyana su a ƙasa:

1. Girman 1916: Matsayi ne wanda aka shirya zanga-zangar gwargwadon shekarun tarihin mutanen da aka yi amfani da su. An kimanta ƙarfin yaron daga shekaru biyu zuwa girma. Yawan shekarun tunani da hankali zai dogara ne akan zanga-zangar da aka gabatar a matakan shekaru masu zuwa.
2. Girman 1937: A wannan halin, mai binciken ya kimanta asalin shekarun yaro, sannan mafi girman shekaru kuma a ƙarshe ya ƙididdige shekarun hankali da ƙimar hankali gwargwadon ƙa'idodi na sikelin 1916. Wannan shine fitowar ta biyu ta ma'aunin Stanford. -Binet, kuma yana da cigaba a nasa daidaitawa, kuma tare da ƙananan iyaka da babba iyaka sama da ta baya.
3. Girman 1960: Kamar yadda yake a cikin wallafe-wallafen da suka gabata, ya nemi auna hankalin mutum tun daga shekara 2 har suka balaga. An gabatar da wata gwajin ta daban don yin aiki a matsayin ma'auni idan aka yi amfani da wani ba daidai ba, ko ba a amfani da shi ba.
4. Buga na huɗu na ma'aunin Standford Binet: Wannan haɓakawa zuwa sikelin ya haɗa da ƙa'idodi masu rikitarwa fiye da waɗanda suka gabata. Ana yin amfani da aikace-aikacen ne don gano takamaiman nakasa ilmantarwa, al'amuran rashin tabin hankali, ko kuma mutane masu hazaka. Kafin aiwatar da shi, da Gwajin Hanyar, don tantance matakin da sauran gwajin zasu fara. Yana ɗaukar kimanin minti 75, amma wannan zai bambanta gwargwadon shekarun mai binciken.

1. Gwajin Wechsler: Gwajin Stanford-Binet ya haɗa da ƙa'idodin da suka shafi manya, duk da haka, ya zama dole a samar da nau'ikan gwajin hankali na mutum don manya. David Wechsler ya ɗauki nauyin wannan aikin, yana buga farkon waɗannan gwaje-gwajen a cikin 1939. Koyaya, an bayyana wasu ayyukansa a ƙasa:

• Ma'aunin Leken Asiri na Wechsler: Ya ƙunshi gabatar da kara sau biyar da gabatar da magana sau shida, waɗanda ake buƙatar kimanin minti 75. Ana kimanta batutuwa masu zuwa anan: bayani, kammala hoto, odar hoto, ƙirar kubeji, lissafi, taron abu, fahimta, alamomin lambobi, da kamanceceniya. Matsayinta ya ƙunshi yawancin mutane tsakanin shekaru Shekaru 16 da 74.
• WAIS III: Ana yin la'akari da bayanan, ƙamus da kuma fahimtar fahimta a nan. Matsayinta ya haɗa da manya tsakanin Shekaru 16 da 84 tsoho An kimanta dangantakar tsakanin ƙarfin tunani da ƙwaƙwalwar kowane mutum.
• Siffar Hikimar Wechsler ga Yara, Fitowa ta Uku: Jarabawa ce da aka tsara wa yara tsakanin shekaru Shekaru 6 da 16 tsoho Ya haɗa da ƙaddamar da kalmomin masu zuwa: bayani, kamanceceniya, lissafi, ƙamus, fahimta da tazarar lamba. Hakanan ƙananan gwaje-gwajen na aiwatarwa: kammala zane da hotuna, lamba, tsara zane, ƙirar cubes, tattara abubuwa, bincika alamomi da maze, duk da cewa biyun na baya suna dace.

Hakanan akwai wasu nau'ikan gwaje-gwaje na hankali na mutum banda waɗanda aka ƙaddamar da sikelin Stanford-Binet da na Wechsler. Daga cikinsu zamu iya ambata:

• Matakan iyawa daban-daban.
• Gwajin Detroit na Kwarewar Ilmantarwa.
• Gwajin hankali na Kaufman.
• Woodcock-Johnson III gwaji na ƙwarewar fahimi.
• Das-Naglieri tsarin ƙididdigar fahimi.
• Gwajin da ba na magana ba ga nakasassu.

Testungiya ko gwajin hankali na rukuni

Gabaɗaya, jarabawar leƙen asirin gama kai yana mai da hankali ne kan tsinkaya ko ƙayyade ayyukan ilimi ko aikin wasu rukuni na mutane. Daga cikin fitattun halaye na gwaje-gwajen tattara hankali zamu iya ambata:

• Sabanin abin da aka yi imani da shi, gwaje-gwajen leken asiri da ake amfani da su ga ƙungiyoyi na iya samar da sakamako mafi aminci fiye da na kowane mutum a cikin wasu fannoni.
• Wasu lokuta suna da rahusa fiye da gwajin mutum.
• Ana amfani dashi a cikin zaɓi a cikin fannin ilimi da kwadago.

Ana iya amfani da gwajin hankali na gama kai ga manyan rukunin manya, ko ƙananan ƙananan yara, waɗanda shekarunsu ke tsakanin 5 zuwa 6 shekara. Yayin aiwatar da na karshen, ya zama dole a samu wasu mutane da suke tabbatar da cewa masu binciken sun fahimci umarnin da matakan gwajin sosai, kamar su farawa da ƙarewa a lokacin da aka nuna, misali.

Wani nau'in Gwajin rashin cancanta Canungiya na iya ƙunsar saitin tambayoyin zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa waɗanda aka tsara a cikin ƙirar bus-bus, wanda aka haɗa abubuwa masu matsala iri ɗaya tare, kuma waɗanda ke fuskantar matsaloli daban-daban ana ba da umarnin a cikin tsari mai ƙarfi. Wani nau'in na iya zama aikin ƙaramin gwaji a lokuta daban-daban.

Wadannan gwaje-gwajen gama-gari sun samo asali ne daga sa hannun dalibi da ake kira Arthur Otis a cikin kwas akan Siffar Ilimin Intelligence-Binet Lewis Ternan ne ya faɗi kansa. Otis ya ba da shawarar daidaita ɗawainiya daban-daban zuwa gwajin Standford-Binet a fensir da takarda, wanda a tsawon lokaci aka ƙara wasu ayyukan marubucin kuma suka ƙirƙira abin da ake kira Gwajin Alfa na Soja. Wannan na ƙarshe gwaji ne na yare ba na yare ba wanda aka gudanar don zaɓar sojoji da matsayinsu.

Koyaya, akwai wasu nau'ikan gwaje-gwajen leken asiri na kungiyar, daga cikin wadanda suka fi fice su ne:

• Gwajin ƙwarewar fahimta: Shine karo na biyar na Gwajin gnwarewar gnwarewa da neman auna iyawar yara don magance matsaloli daban-daban, ta hanyar alamomin magana, adadi da sararin samaniya. Kuma daidai wannan dalilin ne yakai tsawon mintuna 30, kuma kowane matakinsa ya kunshi Batirin Maganganu, Batirin Kiyasi da Batirin da baya Magana, wanda kuma aka raba shi.
• Otis-Lennon Gwajin Schoolwarewar Makaranta: Ana amfani dashi don auna tunanin hoto, tunanin adadi, fahimtar magana, tattaunawa ta magana, da kuma yawan gwada yara daga makarantan sakandare zuwa aji na 12. Wannan ya ƙunshi fannoni na Gwajin Ilimin Hauka na Otis na Kai-da Kai, wanda aka sani da gajeriyar kalma OLSAT; da kuma Otis Quick Score Mental Ability Gwaji da Otis-Lennon entalwarewar Hauka.
• Gwajin Ma'aikata: Takaitaccen gwajin hankali ne wanda tambayoyinsa suka dogara da ma'anar, alakar sararin samaniya da aiwatar da tunanin hankali da lissafi, gami da aiwatar da misalai. Ya dogara da Gwajin Gudanar da Kai na Otis na Abwarewar Hauka.

Kamar yadda kake gani, girman auna hankalin mutum yana da fadi sosai, kuma zai dogara ne da dalilai kamar yawan mutanen da ke karatu da kuma shekarunsu. Dangane da wannan da sauran abubuwan da aka bayyana a cikin wannan labarin, za a zaɓi hanyar da ta fi dacewa da mutum ko rukuni na mutane.

Muna fatan cewa wannan sakon game da gwaje-gwajen hankali ya kasance mai matukar amfani. Idan kuna da sha'awar ƙarin koyo game da batun tunani, hankali da kuma damar iya fahimta da kwakwalwar ɗan adam ke bayarwa, muna gayyatarku da ku sake nazarin wasu labaran a wannan shafin.