An aiwatar da shi a cikin jihar Guerrero, wanda yake a kudancin Mexico, juyin juya halin Ayutla ya kasance wani yunkuri na farko a cikin abubuwan tarihi masu yawa da suka dace a cikin wannan ƙasar, ɗayansu, aiwatar da sauye-sauye masu sassaucin ra'ayi, wanda ya kasance aiki ne da ya saba wa gwamnati. na shugaban rayuwa Antonio López de Santa Anna.
Cin zarafin, halin kunci da al'ummar ta shiga, da kuma siyar da wani yanki na Mesilla, yankin arewacin abin da a halin yanzu yake kasar Mexico, shine silar da ta fara barkewar wannan yakin, wanda ya biyo bayan cire wani mai mulkin kama-karya wanda aka dauke shi maci amana, saboda bayan kasancewarsa wani bangare na masu sassaucin ra'ayi, a Da zarar an kafa shi a iko, ya juya wa waɗanda suka goyi bayansa baya, ya juya zuwa fa'idodin fannoni masu arziki kamar sojoji da waɗanda ke na malamai.
Sakamakon wannan motsi, an aiwatar da mahimman canje-canje a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin jihar Ayutla, inda aka kafa wani tsari da ke bin daidaito tsakanin jama'a.
Farawa: ƙaddamar da shirin Ayuteca.
Ci gaban juyin juya halin Ayutla ya ga farkonsa cikin rashin gamsuwa, ƙaddamar da shawarar da mai kama-karya Antonio López de Santa Anna, wanda ke ƙarƙashin kariyar takensa na Serene Mai Girma, ya haɓaka gwamnatin cin zarafi da ƙeta doka, cin amanar wuraren da suka sanya shi a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Yawancin jagororin da suka tabbatar da hawan mulkin Santa Anna an kafa su ne sanannun sanannen Jalisco shirinDa yawa daga cikinsu an keta su da zarar ya sanya kansa a matsayin mai mulkin kama-karya, kuma daga cikin fitattun cikinsu, za mu iya ambaton takunkumin haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa na faɗin albarkacin baki, tare da hana yin amfani da kayan bugawa. Ba lallai ba ne a faɗi, wannan ya haifar da rashin jin daɗin jama'a, kuma halin da waɗanda ake zalunta ke ciki shi ne yaɗuwar littattafan ɓoye a kan gwamnati, da kuma bayyanar ƙungiyoyin masu sassaucin ra'ayi.
Cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati, wanda, sakamakon talauci da yunwar jama'a, ya haifar da wadatarwa ta haramtacciyar hanya duka daga Antonio López de Santa Anna kansa, da kuma daga mutanen da ke kusa da shi. Wannan ya fara farfaɗar da ƙididdigar yawan jama'a, yana mai da sha'awar zurfin canji, kuma ginshiƙan abin da zai ɓarke a yayin juyin juya halin canji ya fara zama wanda aka tsara, wanda ɓangarorin da aka fi so kamar coci, da wasu ƙungiyoyin sojoji. , zasu rasa fa'idodi da kulawa ta musamman da Santa Santa tayi musu.
Wani bangare kuma da ya haifar da rashin jin daɗin shine sayar da babban yanki na yankin Mesilla, aiwatar da shi ya kasance sakamakon gamsar da bukatun mutum da ƙungiyar zamantakewar da ke goyan bayanta. Decisionungiyoyin masu kishin ƙasa sun ƙi wannan shawarar, tunda ta la'anci mazaunan wannan yanki saboda asarar asalinsu, dole su miƙa wuya ga ikon sabuwar ƙasa.
Bayanin na Ayutla shirin, Daga ciki Florencio Villareal, Juan Álvarez da Ignacio Comonfort (manyan masu ba da sanarwar tawaye) suka kasance mahalarta taron, an kuma fitar da shi ne a ranar 1 ga Maris, 1854, la'akari da kanta masomin juyin juya halin Ayutla. Tsarin Ayutla shine takaddara wacce a ciki aka fallasa musabbabin rashin gamsuwa, kuma aka gabatar da ayyukan amsawa, waɗanda aka nuna babban su a ƙasa:
- Cire Serene Highness, Antonio López de Santa Anna, da waɗancan jami'ai waɗanda suka bi layinsa na zalunci da danniya.
- Rushe wa ɗ annan dokokin da ke barazana ga walwalar al umma, a cikinsu: zana fasfot da harajin riba, da aka sanya wa mutane, da sunan kamewa.
- Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na rikon kwarya, wanda memba na kowace jiha zai shiga, wanda zai sami ikon halarta da warware matsalolin da suka shafi tsaro da independenceancin ofasa.
- An ba da shawarar cewa babban hafsan, a cikin aikin hadin gwiwa tare da gungun mutane 7, ya tsara sabuwar kasar mai sassaucin ra'ayi, da kafa sabbin dokoki da dokoki wadanda za su kula da yankin, koyaushe girmama ka'idar cewa al'umma ita kadai ce, ba ta rarrabuwa kuma Mai zaman kansa
- An ba da muhimmanci kan bukatar cewa, bayan kafuwarta, sabuwar gwamnati ya kamata ta mai da hankali kan al'amuran tattalin arziki, tun da jihar na cikin wani mawuyacin hali, wanda aka bayyana shi da manufofin gwamnati. An nemi kulawa ta musamman kan batutuwan da suka shafi cinikin waje da na cikin gida.
- An tabbatar da cewa za a ba da maganin "makiyin al'umma" ga duk wanda ya keta ka'idojin da aka kafa a wannan takardar. An bukaci sauya fasalin sojojin, zuwa wani karfi da ke taimakawa wajen kare lamuni da 'yancin jama'a.
Matakai na juyin juya halin Ayutla
Kafin bayyanar shirin da aka ambata a baya Ayutla Plan, martanin mutane ya kasance nan da nan, kuma sunyi baki ɗaya: cikakken goyan baya da ƙarfi ga shawarar masu sassaucin ra'ayi, sabili da haka, tare da tsananin damuwa game da ƙarfin motsi, martanin gwamnatin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya shine nan da nan, kuma ayyukansu sun nemi dakatar da aikin maharan ta:
- Inara yawan kuɗin haraji don tara kuɗi don yaƙi (wannan, ba tare da faranta ran waɗanda suka gamsu da shi ba, ya sa ɓangarori daban-daban shiga gwagwarmayar Juan Álvarez).
- Hukuncin kisa ga wadanda aka samu da kwafin shirin Ayutla, da kuma fararen hular da ke dauke da makamai.
Nunawa a Fort San Diego: Tare da maza sama da 5000 a cikin sojojinsa, López de Santa Anna ya nufi Acapulco, inda maharan suke. Juan Álvarez yana da karfi ne kawai na kusan maza 500, amma, sojojin masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun sami damar fuskantar yakin, kuma dole Mai martaba Mai martaba ya ja da baya, tunda ya samu rauni, ba tare da kirga mutanen da ya rasa ba sakamakon cututtuka da gudu. A cikin fansa, saboda wannan kayen, an fara aiwatar da tashin hankali kan kadarorin wadanda suke wani bangare na motsi, ko kuma wadanda suka dauki nauyin hakan ta kowace hanya.
Juyin-juya halin Ayutla ya ci gaba da saurin da ba a iya dakatar da shi, haifar da tsoro a cikin masu ra'ayin mazan jiyaSaboda haka, shugaban mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ya nemi gwamnan Puebla, ta wasika, da ya ware mazaunanta daga na Guerrero yayin da boren ya kare, tare da neman ya dauki matakai a kan wadanda ke da halayyar tuhuma.
An yi ƙoƙari sosai daga ɓangaren gwamnati don kiyaye tashoshin jiragen ruwa cikin haɗari daga masu sassaucin ra'ayi: La Paz, Acapulco, Guaymas da Mazatlán, sune manufofin, duk da haka, komai ba shi da amfani, tunda babu abin da ya dakatar da ci gaban Juan Álvarez. Ganin haka, sai gwamnati ta fara aiwatar da ayyukan bata suna, ta hanyar yada labarai na karya game da fatattakar masu tayar da kayar baya da maido da tsari.
Tallafi ga tawayen: Dangane da babban rashin jin daɗi da ayyukan gwamnatin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, juyin juya halin Juan Álvarez ya fara samun mabiya. A ranar Budurwar Guadalupe, wani rikici ya faru a Puebla inda Regiment of Lancers of Puebla (wanda Antonio López de Santa Anna ya taɓa jagoranta) shine jarumar. Gwamnati ta yi watsi da wannan aika-aika ta tayar da zaune tsaye, kuma ta ba da umarnin a kashe wadanda suka aikata ta. Hakanan akwai sanarwa a kan tsaunin Loreto, wanda a ciki maza 100 daga ƙungiyar bataliyar ta Querétano, suka yi magana game da shirin.
Shekarar 1855: A farkon shekara ta 1855, kokarin sassauci ya sami gindin zama a cikin jamhuriya, kuma a wannan lokacin, ra'ayin jama'a a Puebla ba ya goyon bayan Santa Anna, amma, a matakin hukuma, hukumomi sun nuna ɗabi'a ta tsaka tsaki, amma kaɗan kaɗan kadan juyin juya halin ya mamaye dukkan sarari. A watan Agusta 15, 1855, masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun cimma nasarar bin Puebla ga shirin Ayutla. Antonio López de Santa Anna, wanda juyin juya halin Ayutla ya kayar, ya bar ƙasar da aka kayar zuwa New Granada. An kafa gwamnatin rikon kwarya, inda aka sanya Juan Álvarez a matsayin shugaban kasa.
Sakamakon
Nasarar juyin juya halin Ayutla ta kawo jerin abubuwan da suka dace don sake dawo da ka'idojin daidaito tsakanin al'umma, ana iya taƙaita waɗannan ta fannoni masu zuwa:
- Shugabancin Juan Álvarez: Har zuwa lokacin korar gwamnatin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, shugaban juyin juya halin Juan Álvarez ya hau kan karagar mulki, wanda bai wuce wata biyu a kan karagar mulki ba, amma, ya yi amfani da karfi don amfanin manoma. Bayan murabus din sa, abokin sa ya gaje shi, shima mai sassaucin ra'ayi Ignacio Comonfort.
- Kafa wasu dokoki game da rashin daidaito: A cikin 1855, an fitar da dokar Juárez, wacce ta samar da daidaito tsakanin 'yan ƙasa a gaban doka, tare da murƙushe kotuna na musamman na malamai da sojoji. Wata muhimmiyar doka ita ce dokar lerdo, wacce ke tilasta wa jama'a da kuma cocin su sayar da kadarorin da ba su mallaka ga mutanen da suka ba su haya, don inganta ingantaccen amfani da dukiya.
- Yi afuwa ga wadanda aka dawo daga zaman talala: Bayan kayen Santa Anna, sabuwar gwamnatin ta buɗe dawowar bautar talala da kuma tsananta siyasa.
- Rushewa tare da cocin: Malaman addini suna jin haushin cewa an shafi bukatunsu yana nuna adawa ga sake fasalin. Kadarorin cocin da aka ba wa gwamnatin jama'a, an rufe wuraren ibada kuma an soke ikonsu a cikin rajistar ayyukan farar hula: aure, haihuwa, mutuwa.
Babban masu bayyana juyin juya halin Ayutla
Wadannan su ne fitattun mutane a cikin wannan motsi na 'yanci:
- Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna: Dictator, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki bayan wata yarjejeniya tsakanin masu ra'ayin rikau da masu sassaucin ra'ayi, wadanda a yayin da ake fuskantar matsalar tattalin arziki da ta addabi Mexico, ya amince ya hada karfi da karfe. Matsayin siyasa na wannan halin an bayyana shi a matsayin mai rikitarwa, tunda a cikin tarihi ya kasance yana aiki a cikin jam'iyyun da ke adawa da matsayi.
- Juan Alvarez: Sojojin Mexico, waɗanda ke da babbar rawa a yawancin rikice-rikicen Mexico. Babban mai tallata kafa dokar kawo sauyi kuma jagoran juyin juya halin Ayutla, ya jagoranci hare-haren da 'yan tawaye suka yi kuma ya tsara tsare-tsaren da suka kai ga hambarar da Shugaba Santa Anna.
- Florencio Villarreal: Sojojin Mexico na asalin Kyuba, waɗanda suka yi aiki tare da masu neman sauyi don kafa canje-canje.
- Ignacio Comonfort: Dan Mexico wanda ya gaji Juan Álvarez a shugabancin. Ya aiwatar da mahimman canje-canje na taken sassaucin ra'ayi. Gwamnatinsa ta kasance cikin halin fito-na-fito da Cocin Katolika, wanda a cikin gwamnatocin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suka sami matsayi na iko, da shiga siyasa.