Abubuwa ne da aikin mutum ya kirkiresu, yawanci sunada tsayayye kuma sunadawwama fiye da na halitta, waɗanda ake amfani dasu ko'ina cikin masana'antu don ƙirƙira da ƙera samfuran da yawa.
Wadannan kayan sun maye gurbin na halitta, kamar jakunkunan takardu, na na roba, amfani da yadudduka na halitta ga yadudduka da aka yi wannan mahadi, da kuma kwalayen yarwa wadanda ake gani a Mafi yawan kwantena da suke gilashi.
Wadannan sunkai kadan kasa da rabin abin da ya kunshi dukkan kayayyakin da ake dasu yanzu a doran kasa, kuma sunfi na halitta sauki sosai, kuma basa kaskantarwa cikin sauki da wucewar lokaci, wanda hakan ya haifar da wasu rikice-rikice tsakanin masana muhalli kamar yadda aka fada ya haifar da matsaloli ga muhalli.
Menene kayan roba?
Waɗannan su ne kayan da aka kirkira daga amfani da haɗin sunadarai, wanda ke neman yin kwaikwayi wasu matakai na halitta, haɓaka halayensu, ƙirƙirar kayan aiki tare da ingantaccen haɓakar sinadarai dangane da karko da juriya.
Wadannan halittu ne na wucin gadi, tunda ba za'a iya samun su da tsarin halitta a duniya ba, har zuwa yau an kirkiro da dama daga cikin wadannan mahadi guda 26 wadanda suke da kwayar zarra daga 85 zuwa 118, akwai ma wasu kayan da aka halicce su ta hanyar roba. tare da shudewar shekaru an samo asalin asalin waɗannan, kamar su plutonium.
Halaye na kayan roba
Abubuwan roba, musamman robobi, an halicce su da wani resin na asali, wanda shine babban sashin wadannan, an samo su ne daga mai, kuma sun hada da macromolecules, wanda kuma daga baya ya kunshi hadadden daruruwan kwayoyin, hanyoyin zuwa samu wadannan macromolecules sune kamar haka.
Ci gaba
Yanayi ne wanda aka samu ta hanyar sakin zafi mai yawa wanda yake jujjuya biyu ko fiye da monomers, tare da wannan hanyar za'a iya samun roba mai roba.
Polymerization
Yana farawa ta hanyar kara mai kara kuzari da kuma hanzari wanda aka yi amfani da shi tare da karfin mitar, ya kunshi gamayyar halittu masu kamanceceniya da guda daya don samun manyan kwayoyin.
Polycondensation
Kwayoyin halitta guda biyu suna neman hulɗar tsakanin su, suna samar da macromolecules, wanda ba a samun ƙwayoyin da suka kai na waɗanda suka haifar da polymerization, wannan saboda suna haɗuwa tare, wanda hakan ya jinkirta aikin gabaɗaya.
Babban kayan roba da amfanin su
Kasancewa kayan da mutum ya kirkira a bayyane, wannan yana da matukar amfani game da kasuwanci, saboda babban manufar wadannan shine a kirkiro samfuran da zasu iya jurewa, don biyan bukatun mabukaci, kuma daga cikin manya a masana'antun masana'antu. mai bi.
Filastik
Abune wanda za'a iya masa kwalliya kuma za'a iya gyaggyara shi gwargwadon buƙatunta, hakanan bashi da ma'anar ƙazamar ruwa, kuma shine mafi yawan masana'antun yau suke amfani dashi, kuma shine babban ɓangaren kayan roba da yawa.
Nau'in filastik na farko da aka lura dashi a tarihi shine a shekara ta 1860 lokacin da wani mutum ya shirya gasa don wani ya kirkiri wani abu don maye gurbin hauren giwa a cikin kwalliyar biliya, wanda ya yi nasara kuma ya kasance samfuri mai matukar muhimmanci a lokacin.
Filastik yana da tsarin macromolecular, wanda abubuwa ne na sunadarai da aka sani da polymers, wanda aka samu ta hanyar polymerization. Waɗannan suna da kyawawan halaye na musamman kamar nauyi mai sauƙi, juriya ga ƙasƙanci da lalacewar yanayi ta haifar kuma ana iya amfani da kowane launi.
Wannan kuma yana da sauƙin aiki, mai tsayayya da lalata, masu hana ruwa ne kuma masu ƙarancin wutar lantarki, tare da wasu halaye da yawa waɗanda wannan kayan da ake amfani da su a yau suke da su.
Elastane
Kasuwanci da aka fi sani da lycra ko spandex, copolymer ne na urethane wanda ya kunshi kashi 95% cikin jimlar polyurethanes da aka kasu kashi biyu, wanda babban tushe shine polybutenic ether, don haka samun sarƙoƙi masu yalwa mai yawa, wanda zai iya samar da abubuwa da yawa.
Yadi ne wanda yake da daɗin taɓawa kuma ya miƙa sauƙi, ana amfani dashi ko'ina cikin kayan motsa jiki saboda yana dacewa da jiki kuma yana ba da matuƙar ta'aziya don amfani da shi, yana aiki azaman ci gaba da walƙiya saboda yanayin yanayin kasancewar saɓo ko rubabben fayil kamar yadda aka nuna a sama. .
Ana samar da kowane irin tufafi da wannan kayan, kamar su rigunan wasanni, leda ko kayan lefe, safa na wasanni, kayan ciki, kayan wanka ko kayan wanka, da sauransu.
Nylon
Ya kasance daga rukunin polyamides, lokacin da wani diamine ya zama polycondensed tare da diacid, ana samar da wannan polymer, wanda ake kira Nylon ta alamar kasuwanci "Nylon" kuma an kuma yi imanin cewa ma'aikatan sabis na jigilar kaya ne suka ba da sunan, wanda same Yana da matukar wuya a iya kiran sunan asalin, don haka suka ba shi sunayen farko na manyan biranen da suka aiko shi, wadanda suka hada da New York da London, suna daukar haruffa NY daga na farko da LON daga na biyu.
Ana amfani da wannan ɓangaren a cikin masana'antu don ƙirƙirar samfuran abubuwa kamar sukurori, injunan inji ko sassan inji, nailan kifi, zikwi, da sauransu.
Carbon zare
Waɗannan su ne zanen gado da aka ƙirƙira a gida na carbon waɗanda ke ƙunshe da filaments masu kyau na kimanin micrometers 5 zuwa 10 waɗanda suke daidai da goma na abin da zai zama milimita, yana da kamanceceniya da yawa da ƙarfe dangane da kayan aikin injina, sannan kuma yana nuna ƙarin juriya cewa wannan lokacin tasiri akan abu mara kyau.
A farkon abu ne mai tsadar gaske wanda aka yi amfani dashi kawai don amfanin riba na sararin samaniya, amma wannan yana rage farashinta, kuma sauran masana'antu sun fara amfanuwa da ita don ƙarfinta kamar na ƙarfe, amma nauyi mai wuce yarda kamar na filastik.
Da farko sun fara ne da hanyoyin sufuri, motoci sun kasance masu juriya da haske, wanda ke inganta amfani da injina tare da rashin ƙarfi a cikin wasu kamfanonin, sannan kuma ya ƙara sha'awar kasuwanci, kamar yadda Awannan zamanin zaka iya lura da kasancewar wannan kayan kekuna, agogo, walat tsakanin wasu da yawa waɗanda suke don amfanin yau da kullun.
Filashin muhalli
Hakanan an san su da bioplastics, su kayan aiki ne wadanda suke kwatankwacin ƙwayoyin halitta da polymer na al'ada, amma tare da babban bambancin cewa waɗannan ana ƙera su ne da albarkatun sabuntawa, wanda ke basu ƙimar iya lalacewa ta halitta.
Waɗannan suna haɗe da nan gaba, damar amfani da su kamar yadda ake nazarin kwalaban da ke ƙunshe da abubuwan sha masu amfani, don haka idan aka jefar da su ba za su gurɓata da tasirin da robobin asali suke yi ba.
Acrylics
Takaddun filastik ne wanda aka samo shi ta hanyar polymerizing methyl methacrylate, wannan shine mafi tsayayyar juriya tsakanin filastik masu haske, saboda wannan dalilin yana da darajar darajar kasuwanci tsakanin masana'antu daban-daban kamar mota, likita, hasken wuta da nishaɗi.
Abu ne mai sauƙin gyarawa dangane da karɓa, suna da ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙira wanda ke ba su sha'awa sosai daga mahangar masana'antu, wanda ake gani akai-akai kowace rana, koda a cikin kayan ado na gida, saboda hanya mai sauƙi ta tsara shi da juriya, a wasu halaye kama da gilashi, amma rauni na karaya.
Ba ya tsufa tare da hasken rana na UV, ko kuma yanayin tafiyar muhalli a ciki, aƙalla har bayan shekaru 10, yana da halaye masu ƙyamar wutar lantarki da kwanciyar hankali, ya fi gilashi haske, yana da sauƙi sarrafawa yayin sarrafa shi da kuma tsara shi.
Kevlar
Nau'i ne na filastik mai tsananin juriya wanda yake da halaye na wahala yayin kera shi, polyamide ce, wacce aikinta ke da rikitarwa, amma da zarar hakan ya samu sai aka fara tallata ta da sauri, saboda tsananin karfinta na kusan kowane kai hari.
Godiya ga wannan kayan, ya kasance yana yiwuwa a ƙera samfuran da ke da ƙarfi kamar ƙarfe, amma tare da nauyin nauyi kwata-kwata, kamar kayak, safofin hannu masu kariya daga yankewa ko kuma tarkace, kayan sararin samaniya, kebul na wayoyin hannu, rigunan kariya na bindiga, hular kwano na babura kuma na dabara 1, zaren dinki, ana amfani da shi a wasu samfuran takalman wasanni, tsakanin wasu da yawa.
Har ila yau, yana da kaddarorin kamar babban juriya ga cuts, abubuwan sinadarai, yana da kwanciyar hankali na thermal, yana da ƙarancin ma'amala dangane da wutar lantarki, kuma yana da tsari mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi.
Smart polymers
Tare da ci gaban fasaha mai yawa, an nemi cewa waɗannan suna da halaye na abubuwan ɗabi'a, kamar daidaitawa da wasu yanayin yanayi, don ci gaba da dorewarsu.
Abubuwan halaye na wannan polymer sun haifar da la'akari da amfani da shi don ƙirar wasu kayayyaki kamar windows mai kaifin baki da tabarau, tsokoki na wucin gadi, gudanar da magunguna tsakanin wasu da yawa duk da cewa har yanzu basu zama jiki ba, ana iya kiyaye wannan a nan gaba a cikin kayayyakin yau da kullun.
Tasirin muhalli na roba
Amfani da waɗannan kayan ya haifar da babbar lahani a cikin muhalli, saboda ɗimbin kayan masarufi dangane da kayayyakin da suke ciki da kayan roba, waɗanda suka haifar da ɗimbin ɓarnar da ba ta da halaye masu lalacewa saboda ƙidayar ta , idan ba haka ba har kusan shekaru 200.
Hakanan, a matsayin harin kai hari, yakin neman sake amfani ya fara, ta yadda idan aka jefar da kayan roba, sai a sake sarrafa shi, ta yadda ragowar wannan zai ba da damar kera sabbin kayayyaki, kasancewar sake zagayowar amfani ne.
Har ila yau, an yi nazarin yiwuwar ƙirƙirar polymers na rayuwa mai narkewa, kamar su bioplastics, waɗanda aka yi su da kayan aikin da aka sake amfani da su.