Babban birni mai ban mamaki da ban mamaki na zamanin Mesoamerican na zamanin pre-Hispanic, saboda gaskiyar abubuwan da suka faru a cikinsa wanda har zuwa yau ba a san ko su waye ba ko yadda suka faru.
Kodayake ba a san asalinsa ba da kuma dalilan da ya sa aka bar shi, akwai wasu bayanai da halaye na al'adun Teotihuacán kamar yawan jama'arta, kasuwancin da ake amfani da shi a ciki, wanda ya kasance mafi mahimmanci a lokacin, tunda an kiyasta cewa lokacin Babban birni da al'adunsa sun kasance tsakanin ƙarni na XNUMX da na XNUMX AD
Gano game da al'adun Teotihuacán
Wanne a cikin yaren Mutanen Espanya yana nufin wurin da gumakan suka zo ko suka fito ko kuma gidan gumakan, garin da jama'ar Mexico suka samo, wanda ya riga ya zama kango a wancan lokacin, saboda wannan ba a san asalin garin ba. da mazaunan suka bayar, wanda kuma ba a gano asalinsu ba.
Kodayake al'ada ce mai ban mamaki saboda ba a san komai game da ita ba, an tattara wasu bayanai waɗanda suka zama masu ban mamaki da ban sha'awa, kamar su gine-ginen da ke cikin kango na gari misali, za a bayyana bayanai a ƙasa tare da girmamawa ga halaye na al'adun Teotihuacán masu ban sha'awa.
Bayanai da halaye na al'adun Teotihuacán
Farkon birni
An kiyasta cewa garin yana da nasa farawa a cikin lokacin kafin Kristi, Don zama daidai shekaru 100 da suka gabata, a wancan lokacin garin Cuicuilco ya sha wahala daga ƙaura wanda dole ne mazauna suka yi ƙaura, zuwa garin Teotihuacán, don haka an san cewa yawancin mazaunan baƙi ne da ke da ƙabilu daban-daban.
Tun daga wannan lokacin, aka fara shirin kafa biranen, kamar al'adunta da gine-ginensu kamar dala da iyakarta.
Yayin da birnin ke ci gaba a cikin matakai, yawan mutane da iyakokin birni suna ƙaruwa, ya kai kusan mazauna 45.000 da murabba'in kilomita 22 a diamita.
Asalin sunan "Al'adun Teotihuacán"
Sunan da Nahuatlacas ya bayar saboda wannan dalilin yana cikin yaren Nahuatl, saboda asalin wayewar garin bai wanzu a lokacin ba, sun yi masa baftisma a matsayin "gidan gumakan" waɗanda mutanen Meziko suka ci gaba da amfani da su, kuma hakan kuma bi da bi an shigar dashi cikin tarihin cigaban al'umma. Mutanen Mexico sun yi imani cewa Tula ta fito ne daga wannan, don haka wataƙila jama'a ta kasance Toltec.
Matakan farko na al'adun Teotihuacán
Duk da rashin cikakken bayani game da farkon wannan wayewar, an san cewa sun yi amfani da lokacin Cuanalán wanda yawancin kauyukan noma suka yi hijira zuwa cikin gari kusan tsakanin 500 zuwa 100 BC Waɗannan sabbin mambobin al'adun, suna zama a cikin koguna da kwaruruka na iyakokin gari.
Centuryarni ɗaya bayan haka za a fara gina babban birni, ko kuma wani babban birni wanda aka kiyasta cewa yawan jama'a yana da kusan mutane 5.000 a lokacin.
Yanayin garin
Samun matsayi na ban mamaki ga lokacin da aka haɓaka shi, wannan birni yana cikin kwari wanda aka canza sunansa daidai da birni, a kan Kogin San Juan, kilomita goma sha biyar daga Lake Texcoco.
A halin yanzu an san shi da ƙasar Mexico, kwarin Teotihuacán yana nan, wanda ke da matsakaicin tsawo na mita 3200 sama da matakin teku, kuma filayen sa sun kai kimanin 2240.
Yaren Teotihuacan da ƙabila
Informationan bayanan da muke dasu game da waɗannan ya fito ne daga Anahuac, waɗanda sune suka bar wajan wannan wayewar, amma duk da haka a cikin tarin bayanan tarihi da aka samu bayan mamayar Mexico, bai ambaci wannan wayewar dalla-dalla ba, amma ni kawai yi magana game da halayen da Anahuac ya ambata.
Al'adar Nahua suna tsammanin cewa ƙattai ne waɗanda suka rayu a zamanin da suka gabace su suka gina garin, kuma cewa dala ɗin da aka gina an yi nufin su zama makabarta gare su. Wannan tseren ana kiransa Quinametzim.
Teotihuacan gine
Gine-gine kamar su fadoji, temples da pyramids sune waɗanda suka fi fice a cikin tsarin gine-ginen da ke nuna al'adun Teotihuacán, wanda a halin yanzu ana iya ziyarta ba tare da wata matsala ba, don sanin ɗaukakar wannan wurin.
- Dala na Wata: wani tsari mai tsayin mita 45, an canza shi aƙalla sau bakwai tsakanin matakan juyin halittar birni, ya zama ƙasa da dala ta rana, amma yana gudanar da tsayar da tsayi iri ɗaya a gani, tunda an gina shi a wani wuri mafi girma.
- Dalar Rana: yana da tsayi na mita 63 tare da tushe na kusan murabba'in mita 225, ana ɗaukar sa na biyu mafi girma a zamanin Mesoamerican, kuma mafi girman wannan al'adun, wanda ake iya gani daga nisan kilomita da yawa.
- Fadar Quetzalpapálotl: kasancewarsa halayyar wannan al'ada, tare da tsari wanda aka tsara shi da mafi kyawun kayan aiki, waɗanda aka sassaba butteran buɗe-baki a jikin dukkan tsarinta, fadar firistocin al'adun ce, kuma an yarda cewa manyan ne kawai ke zaune a wurin teotihuacana .
Inganta al'adun Teotihuacan
Birnin ya sami nasarar ƙarfafa ikon yankinsa a cikin yanayin Tlamimilolpa, wanda ya faru a kusan 250 BC, wanda ya bazu ko'ina cikin yankin Mesoamerican. A wannan lokacin tsarin gine-ginen ya haifar da fadadawa biyu na Dalar Wata wanda ke da alaƙa da binne mutane.
Ya sami damar samun murabba'in kilomita 20 a diamita, tsarin gidaje don ayyukan jama'a na kowane nau'i, da kuma rukunin gidaje don yawan mutanen da suka ci gaba da ƙaruwa.
Dangantakar kasuwanci ta al'adun Teotihuacan sanannu ne a duk Mesoamerica, wanda ya ba ta babbar daraja ta fuskar tattalin arziki da zamantakewar jama'a, waɗanda aka haɓaka a lokacin Tlamimilolpa, wanda a ciki ake kera nau'ikan kera da keɓaɓɓu a wancan lokacin. bakin ciki tukwane lemu.
Urbanism
Wannan ya dogara ne akan gina axes na gefe wanda gabas ta kasance ɓangaren kogin San Juan kuma kudu ya kasance ɓangare na Calzada de los Muertos. Tsakanin su an sanya grid wanda aka tsara don ƙirƙirar tsarin gine-gine.
Tushen gine-ginen birni suna da alaƙa da hangen nesa da wayewar kai ya samu, wanda shine ɗayan manyan halayen al'adun Teotihuacán, ana iya lura da wannan a cikin madaidaicin tsarin da tsarin ke da shi, wanda hakan ya samar da kyakkyawar gani zuwa taurari.
Rushewar al'adun Teotihuacán
Duk da kasancewar sama da mazauna 75.000, kuma kasancewarta ɗaya daga cikin manyan birane mafiya mahimmanci a cikin zamanin Mesoamerican, a cikin tsarin Metepec, ayyukan gine-gine sun shanye kwata-kwata, wanda yake da mahimmanci ga wannan al'ada.
Ana tunanin cewa ƙaura na al'adun Coyotlatelco a cikin zamanin Oxtotipac, wanda ya haifar da ƙaura daga mazauna, wanda ya sa al'ummar Teotihuacan barin garin, suka bar mutane 5000 a cikin yanki mafi yawan jama'a.
An kuma yi imanin cewa a cikin waɗannan lokutan wani nau'in fari ya faru wanda ya haifar da mummunan aikin noma, don haka mazaunan suka yanke shawarar yin ƙaura don neman kyakkyawan wuri su zauna.
Me ya faru bayan rushewar?
Wataƙila mazaunan garin Teotihuacán sun yanke shawarar yin ƙaura saboda zalunci na siyasa da ya wanzu a wurin, kodayake ba a san takamaiman abin da ya haifar da hakan ba, an san cewa yawan mutanen wannan ya watse a tsakanin al'adun gida daban-daban, sun rasa kabilanci ainihi.
Tarihin Teotihuacán
Tarihin wannan, duk da cewa bashi da cikakken bayani, wasu bayanai kamar cewa wannan al'adar ita ce babbar kishiyar Cuicuilco, fara lokacin ta, kamar yadda aka kiyasta a cikin shekaru 1000 na farko kafin Kristi.
Kamar yadda kuma aka san cewa lokacin ƙoli ya kasance tsakanin ƙarni na XNUMX zuwa na XNUMX, kuma raguwarsa ta fara ne daga ƙarni na XNUMX, ba a san cikakken bayani ba, ban da tsarin ƙaura na Teotihuacans.
Archaeology a cikin garin Teotihuacán
Wannan ya kasance babban sha'awar archaeological, kasancewar manufa tun karni na XNUMX saboda asirin da yake ɓoye daga tarihin Mesoamerican na wancan lokacin.
Ya kamata a lura cewa masu yawon bude ido zasu iya ziyartar birni saboda wadatar dakunanta, tabbas, koyaushe tare da jagora na gari, wanda ya san hanya mafi hankali da aminci don cimma kyakkyawar tafiye-tafiye ba tare da ɓacewa dalla-dalla ba. halaye na al'adun Teotihuacán da asirai.
da