Catecholamines ba wani abu bane illa masu juyawar jijiyoyi, manufar da zamu magance ta daga baya, wadannan ana kiransu aminohormones. Ma'anar asalin Ana iya bayanin Catecholamine kamar haka: Su gungun abubuwa ne wadanda daga cikinsu ana iya ambaton adrenaline, norepinephrine da dopamine, wadannan abubuwan ana hada su ne daga amino acid din da aka sani da tyrosine, wannan shine yadda ake hada shi da kungiyar catechol da wani rukuni ni
A wannan ma'anar, ana iya cewa catecholamines (CA) ko aminohormones duk waɗannan abubuwa ne waɗanda ke ƙunshe cikin tsarinsu ƙungiyar catechol da sarkar gefe tare da ƙungiyar amino. Zasu iya aiki a jikinmu azaman hormones ko azaman neurotransmitters.
Amma menene ainihin kwayar cutar neurotransmitter?
Ana iya yin la'akari da wannan ma'anar azaman mabuɗin fahimtar duk abin da ya shafi catecholamine. A wannan ma'anar, ana iya bayyana ma'anar neurotransmitter a matsayin nau'in neuromediator ko sako, yace ta hanyar kimiyya shine biomolecule wanda ke sa yaduwar kwayar cutar ta yiwu.
Menene neurotransmission?
Ba wani abu bane face watsa bayanai daga wata jijiya, wato, kwayar halittar tsarin juyayi da ke zuwa wani jijiyar, kwayar tsoka ko gland, duk ana samun wannan ta hanyar synapse, wanda shine reshen da yake raba su . Catecholamines suna yin aikin hormonal kamar yadda ake samar dasu a cikin gland adrenal da Har ila yau a cikin jijiyoyin jijiyoyi, don haka ana daukar su neurotransmitters.
Na farko daga cikinsu shine tyrosine, wanda ake amfani dashi azaman tushe a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin catecholaminergic (masu samar da catecholamine). Waɗannan suna da asali asalinsu a cikin ƙwayoyin chromaffin na adrenal medulla kuma a cikin ƙwayoyin postganglionic na tsarin juyayi mai juyayi.
Akwai catecholamines: norepinephrine da dopamineSuna yin aiki azaman neurotransmitters a cikin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Halitta kuma azaman hormones a cikin jini. Catecholamines gabaɗaya suna haifar da canje-canje na ilimin lissafi waɗanda ke shirya mutum da jiki don faɗa da sauran ayyukan motsa jiki.
Saduwa da wasu cututtuka
Bincike ya daɗe yana nuna cewa rashin aiki a cikin hanyoyin catecholaminergic saboda rashin lafiyar bipolar ne da kuma schizophrenia. Yayinda yake cikin ayyukan motsa jiki, dopamine yana cikin cutar ta Parkinson.
Wannan shine yadda ake kafa catecholamine
Catecholamine biosynthesis tsari ne mai tsari sosai. Tsarin lokaci mai tsawo yawanci yana ƙunshe da adadin enzymes masu tsarawa. Yana tsara adadin tyrosine hydroxylase, da adadin dopamine? -Hydroxylase. Wasu lokuta ana buƙatar canje-canje na gajeren lokaci, kuma ana tsara su ta hanyoyi daban-daban:
Enzyme wanda ke haɓaka matakin iyakance saurin (tyrosine hydroxylase) Dopa da dopamine sun hana shi, saboda suna gasa tare da biopterin don shafukan yanar gizo.
Dokar tyrosine hydroxylase ta hanyar phosphorylation. A cikin kowane yanki akwai ragowar serine (matsayi 8, 19, 31, 40) waɗanda suke da phosphorylated. Ragowar Serine 19 da 40 suna haifar da ƙarin mahimmin ƙaruwa cikin aiki lokacin da aka yi musu waya. Ragowar 40 ana amfani da phosphorylated da farko ta protein kinase A, da 10 ta CAM kinase II. Rarraba Terminal yana kara aikin tyrosine hydroxylase yayin da alli ya shiga kuma yake kunna enzymes kinase.
Da zarar an hada catecholamines, ana adana su a cikin vesicles na synaptic da aka sani da granular ko daskararrun ƙwayoyin cuta. A cikin jijiyoyin akwai wasu abubuwa da ake kira chromogranins, calcium da ATP a cikin babban nitsuwa (1000 mM). Catecholamines suna haɗuwa da chromogranins.
Akwai kuma dopamine? -Hydroxylase, wanda shine dalilin da yasa kira na norepinephrine ke faruwa a cikin gallbladder, aƙalla a wani ɓangare. Tsarin da catecholamines ke shiga vesicles shine proton antiport system. Proton gradient mai mahimmanci ana aiwatar dashi ta hanyar proton-ATPase proton proton proton a ciki, saboda haka pH kusan 5,5 ne. Wannan tsarin karɓar yana da ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki. Don haka zasu iya gasa tare da cututtukan catecholamines masu ƙoshin lafiya.
Tsari don sakin catecholamines
Akwai matakai daban-daban waɗanda ke mabuɗin don sakin catecholamines, da farko dai muna da masu karɓar adrenergic (norepinephrine da adrenaline): Waɗannan ƙananan ƙwayoyin jijiyoyin suna da tasiri daban-daban, wanda aka bayyana ta gaban masu karɓa daban-daban, wanda a cikin kowane nau'in kwayar halitta. haɗe zuwa hanyoyi daban-daban na transduction.
A cikin tsoka mai santsi zai iya haifar da raguwa idan? An kunna masu karɓa, kuma shakatawa idan sun yi aiki? Masu karɓa na 2. A cikin jijiyoyin jini suna samar da vasoconstriction da vasorelaxation.
Koyaya, sabanin tasoshin, a cikin mashin yana samar da iska. Duk da yake a cikin hanyar narkewa yana haifar da ƙuntatawa da shakatawa. Da zaran zuciya tana kara yawan bugun zuciya da karfi; kara yawan bugun zuciya.
Masu karɓar adrenergic suna da alaƙa da tsari, amma suna da manzanni na biyu daban-daban. Shin masu rarrabewa sun bambanta? Y?; Epinephrine da norepinephrine suna da damuwa ga duka masu karɓa, amma waɗannan suna da ƙarin masu tsaurin ra'ayi da masu adawa. Mai karɓa? zai iya zama? 1 ko? 2. The? 1 na iya zama A, B, ko D.
Wadannan ukun sun sha bamban a cikin masu adawa, wuri, tsari, da kuma hanyar yin tasiri (adenylate cyclase). A wannan yanayin, abin da mahimmanci shine adenylate cyclase yana haifar da tasiri daban a kowane shafi a jiki. The? suna iya zama 1, 2 ko 3. Sun bambanta a cikin masu adawa, da halaye. Amma duk 3 suna motsa adenylate cyclase.
Mahimmanci a cikin aikin yau da kullun na jikin mutum
Wadannan neurotransmitters suna wakiltar mahimmancin gaske a cikin ayyukan jikin mu, tunda suna yin ayyuka da yawa. Suna shiga cikin hanyoyin haɗin jiki da na endocrin.
Ofayan waɗannan tasirin shine wanda suke aiwatarwa akan tsarin juyayi wanda suke sarrafawa shine motsi, sani, motsin rai, ilmantarwa da ƙwaƙwalwa. Game da damuwa, catecholamines suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin martani a kanta, suna sakin waɗannan abubuwa lokacin fuskantar matsi na jiki ko na tunani.
A cikin masu bincike na 1990 sun ƙaddara cewa a matakin kwayar halitta, waɗannan abubuwa suna canza yanayin aikin neuronal ta hanyar buɗewa ko rufe tashoshin ion bisa ga masu karɓar lamarin.
Yaya aka tantance wanzuwar sa?
Ana iya tantance matakan Catecholamine ta hanyar yin nazari da gwajin jini da fitsari. A zahiri, catecholamines suna daure da kusan 50% na sunadaran dake cikin jini.
Lokacin da gazawa ko saukad da kwayar cutar catecholamine ke faruwa, ana haifar da wasu cututtukan jijiyoyin jiki da na neuropsychiatric. Ofayan su shine baƙin ciki, wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙananan matakan waɗannan abubuwa, akasin damuwa. A gefe guda, dopamine yana da muhimmiyar rawa a cikin cututtuka irin su Parkinson da schizophrenia.
A ƙarshe, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci cewa matakan catecholamine na iya dogara ne akan mu idan muka ɗauki wani irin abinci wanda yake da adadin abin da ya dace wanda ke motsa wannan kwayar cutar. Akwai abinci tare da yawan kasancewar phenylalanine kamar jan nama, kwai, kifi, kiwo, kaji, lentil, goro, da sauransu.
A cikin aspartame, mai zaki da aka fi amfani dashi a masana'antar abinci, wakiltar fiye da 60% na kasuwar duniya daga cikin wadannan kayan hadawa wadanda ake amfani dasu cikin kayan shaye-shaye da kayan abinci, shima ana samun sa a ciki. Duk da yake ana iya samun tyrosine a cikin cuku.
Yaya yake sa mu ji?
Dukansu abubuwa suna aiki azaman kwayoyin halittar juna. Wannan yana nufin cewa suna kwaikwayon tasirin hyperactivity akan tsarin juyayi mai juyayi.
Ta wannan hanyar da lokacin da aka sake waɗannan abubuwa a cikin jini, ƙarar hawan jini, ƙwanƙwasa ƙwayar tsoka, da ƙaruwa cikin matakan glucose ana fuskantar su. Kazalika hanzarin bugun zuciya da numfashi. Wannan yana bayanin dalilin da yasa catecholamines ke da mahimmanci wajen gabatar da martani game da gwagwarmaya-ko-jirgin don damuwa.
Sakin Catecholamine
Don sakin catecholamines ya faru, ana buƙatar sakin acetylcholine da ake buƙata. Wannan sakin yana iya faruwa, misali, lokacin da muka gano haɗari. Acetylcholine yana shigar da adulla adulla kuma yana samar da jerin abubuwan layin salula.
Lokacin da adrenaline ya tashi, ana samun karuwar abin da ake kira karfin kwangila na zuciya. Bugu da kari, yawan bugun zuciya yana ƙaruwa. Wannan yana haifar da ƙaruwa cikin wadatar oxygen. Haka kuma, suna kara karfin numfashi. Bugu da kari, yana da tasiri mai tasiri na shakatawa.
Aƙarshe, yana da mahimmanci mu san cewa hakan yana sa mu saurin amsawa ga abubuwan da suka faru kuma muna koya kuma muna tuno da kyau. Koyaya, manyan matakan waɗannan abubuwa sun haɗu da matsalolin damuwa. Duk da yake ƙananan matakan dopamine suna da alama yin tasiri ga bayyanar rikicewar hankali, matsalolin koyo da baƙin ciki.