Tabbas kun taɓa jin labarin lu'ulu'u, wataƙila a wannan lokacin hankalinku ya hango babban lu'ulu'u, amethyst ko topaz. Kuma hakika, wannan rukunin ya haɗa da sanannun sanannun "Duwatsu masu daraja", amma lu'ulu'u ba darikar da ta game filin kayan adon fili karara.
A lu'ulu'u shine ƙarshen samfur na tsari mai ban sha'awa wanda aka sani da ƙirar ƙira, wanda aka halicce shi sakamakon haifar da kama mai kama da "fuskoki", waɗanda suke yankuna ne da suke cikin jirage daban-daban.
Halaye na m daga crystallization
Girman lu'ulu'u halayyar canzawa ce, a cikin madaidaitan matakan girma. Za a iya samun lu'ulu'u masu girma "waɗanda za a iya auna su ta hanyar sashin layi na" mita ", kamar yadda za mu iya sami lu'ulu'u dole hakan ta kasance wanda aka bayyana dangane da "microns", tunda ƙananan ƙananan su suna sanya su kwatankwacin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda kawai ake gani ta hanyar microscope.
Kamar yadda aka ambata, matakai na lu'ulu'u suna haifar da samfuran babban tsarki, wannan shine dalilin da yasa muka kafa, a baya a ma'anar, cewa lu'ulu'u ne yi kama: ma'ana, abun da ke cikin samfurin ya kasance yana da daraja koyaushe a kowane matsayi a cikin ƙarfin mai ƙarfi, wanda kuma yana nuna cewa halaye na jiki da na sunadarai sun kasance ba su canzawa a duk ɓangaren, kuma idan ana lura da bambancin saboda rikici, canjin zai faru a ko'ina cikin jinsin. Wannan ingancin yana sanya lu'ulu'u kayayyaki masu daraja a fannoni daban daban, wanda ya faro ne daga darajar ingancin kayan, zuwa ga amfani da tsarin kiris a matsayin dabara ta raba abubuwa.
Hakanan za'a iya keɓance kayayyakin Crystalline a matakin dakin gwaje-gwaje, ta hanyar halayen sarrafawa a cikin majalisun da ke kwaikwayon ayyukan kwatsam waɗanda ke faruwa a yanayi. Ofaya daga cikin mahimman fa'idodi na lu'ulu'u da aka samo a cikin tsarin sarrafawa shine cewa suna gabatar da siffofi na yau da kullun, waɗanda suka dace da siffofin polygonal na mafi daidaito.
A cikin lu'ulu'u, dole ne mu rarrabe fuskokin da suke wani ɓangare na halayyar kirki mai kyau (halayen siffofi), kuma gwargwadon adadin su, zamu iya yin la'akari da sifofin masu ƙarfi na daskararru. Yawancin lokaci a cikin an bayyana lu'ulu'u ta haɗuwa da siffofi da yawa na asali, manyan su kamar haka:
- Pedion: Gilashin da ke kunshe da fuska guda ɗaya, ba tare da kwatankwacinsa ba.
- Pinacoid: Ya ƙunshi fuskoki iri biyu daidai game da wata alama ta alama.
- Sphenoid: Fuskokin guda biyu masu daidaita waɗanda suka haɗu da wannan maƙarƙashiyar ƙaryar a kusa da igiyar binary.
- Prism: Ya ƙunshi fuskoki masu kama da juna waɗanda ke yin yanki. Kasancewa "yanki na lu'ulu'u" wanda aka ayyana azaman saitin fuskoki daidai da shugabanci guda, daidai da gefen ɗaya.
Tsarin lu'ulu'u daga mahangar ciki za a iya ɗauka ya zama mahaɗa ɗaya ne, na lokaci-lokaci da tsarin anisotropic na narkar da abu wanda ke haɓaka tsari a wurare daban-daban a sarari. A cikin halaye na lu'ulu'u, sha'awa koyaushe tana tasowa da gaskiyar cewa kowane ma'ana yi maimaitawa akai-akai a cikin sararin samaniya da kayan ke ciki. A cikin kristallography, abin da ke shafar wannan aikin ana kiran sa fassara.
Tsarin Crystallization
Idan kristalization ya faru, dole ne mu fara daga abu wanda za'a iya rarraba shi azaman "Crystalline", kuma wannan an ayyana shi saboda ƙwayoyin da suke yin sa, walau na kwayar zarra, ta kwayoyin ko ionic, suna da kayan haɗin kama, haɗuwa da yanayi.
Ana aiwatar da dukkan aikin yayin da a wani lokaci a cikin abu mai ƙyalƙyali, ƙwayoyin suka fara sake tsarawa, a cikin wani matakin da aka sani da hadawa. Duk wannan aikin ya kunshi, ban da bambancin da ke bayyane a cikin tsarin kwayar, wani sauyi ne a yanayin thermodynamic, wadanda suke fuskantar biyan diyya na rikice-rikicen da canjin da Gibbs ya samar ya samar da makamashi kyauta, wanda aka yi masa alama ta abubuwa uku:
- Canjin kuzarin makamashi.
- Creationirƙirar haɓaka tsakanin sashin haɗuwa da ragowar yanayin kama-kama.
- Bambancin juzu'i da sifar da wannan aikin ya ƙunsa na haifar da tashin hankali.
Mataki na gaba ya samo asali ne lokacin da tsarin tushe na tsakiya ya daidaita. Mataki na gaba shine wani abu mai ma'ana da tsinkaya, da zarar muna da tsarin asali zamu shigar da tsari girma, wanda a cikin sa ake lura da canjin yanayin tsakiya. Kadan kadan, wannan karuwa zai haifar da samuwar fuskoki, har sai lu'ulu'u ya sami kyakkyawar dabi'a.
Hanyar haɓakar lu'ulu'u
Ka'idar da Volmer ya kirkira tana bayanin yadda cigaban lu'ulu'u yake faruwa, yana tabbatar da hakan, a kusa da tsari na asali daga mahallin sinadarin lu'ulu'u, wani irin Sha ruwan sha, wanda ke aiki azaman hanyar haɗi, kuma ban da wannan, yana inganta ƙaura na ƙwayoyin kewaye da shi, wanda ke tafiya daidai da farfajiyar. Sakamakon wannan aikin an bayyana shi azaman tsari wanda aka bayyana a cikin jirgin sama mai siffa biyu.
A nasu bangare, Kossel da Straski, sun ƙaddara hakan ana buƙatar aikin inji don cimma nasarar gyaran ion zuwa saman wannan layin, kuma cewa ya dogara da matsayinsa.
Ci gaban abin ƙira wanda ke bayyana girma yana buƙatar hasashen yankuna na jikewa inda aka lura da canjin canji mai girma (yankuna na ƙasa masu fifiko). Wannan yana nuna cewa haɓakar lu'ulu'u tana faruwa a cikin yadudduka.
Crystallization azaman tsarin rabuwa
Tunda an ƙirƙiri lu'ulu'u da abu mai kama da juna, amfani da shi azaman hanyar zaɓin rabuwa da abubuwa an faɗaɗa shi, tsakanin hanyoyi da yawa, a ƙasa, za mu bayyana abin da waɗanda amfaninsu ya fi yawa ya ƙunsa:
- Ara sabon mai narkewa: Idan mun san yanayin kayan da muke sarrafawa, zamu iya amfani da wannan hanyar, wanda a asali ya ƙunshi ƙara sabon ƙwanƙwasa wanda ke hulɗa tare da sauran ƙarfin wanda muke son cristallize ya nitse. Lokacin da sabon maɓallin keɓaɓɓu ya fara hulɗa tare da haɓakar sa, mai ƙarancin ƙarfi yana ɓullowa, yana ƙaddamar da tsarin ƙira.
- Sanyaya zuwa manyan matakan damuwa: Lokacin da muke da bayani mai mahimmanci, wanda aka yi shi a yanayin zafi mai yawa, kuma muka miƙa shi zuwa ga aikin sanyaya, zamu sami yanayin fifikon matsayi, wanda mafi yawan abubuwan da ke narkewa ya narkar da abin da mai narkewar zai iya karɓa, a cikin waɗannan sababbi yanayin zafi. Idan aiwatar da rage zafin jiki anyi shi ta hanyar sarrafawa, zamu iya rinjayar girman lu'ulu'u wanda zamu samu.
- Sublimation: Ana iya amfani da wannan fasaha kawai a cikin mahaɗan ƙarfe waɗanda ke ba da matsin lamba na tururi, ta yadda hanyar canzawa daga lokacin gas zuwa mai ƙarfi ba ya buƙatar wucewa ta wurin narkar da shi.