Bayanin asalin kalmar "biotic" yana nuni zuwa ga kari na asalin asalin Helenanci "bio", wanda ke nufin "rayuwa", kuma a karkashin wannan saukakkiyar hujja ce ta bayyana ma'anar wannan kalmar da ba ta dace ba. Saboda haka, "sanadin halitta" shine, wani lamari da yake magana akan rayuwa, ga abin da ke raye, kasancewar haka a cikin ilimin halittu yana nufin dukkan nau'ikan kwayoyin halittar da ke bunkasa a cikin wani yanayi da aka basu, wadanda suke canza shi kuma suke mu'amala da wasu kwayoyin ko kuma muhallin kansa. Akwai wani yanki na son rai, inda wadannan abubuwan suke kaucewa kawai ta hanyar karfin halitta, don haka, kodayake basu mallaki hankali a matsayin mutum ba, suna yin tasiri sosai ga yanayin su.
Babu shakka muna magana ne game da "flora" da "fauna", shuke-shuke, dabbobi, da duk wasu halittu makamantansu amma tare da sanannun suna ga waɗanda ba su da wata alaka da duniyar kimiyya, ko kuma waɗanda suke da sha'awar sani kawai. Ta wannan hanyar, gandun daji da dukkan bishiyoyinta abubuwa ne masu nasaba da halittu, tsuntsaye da iri da kwayoyi da suke tarawa, tsuntsayen ganima da ke labe daga sama, furannin kayan kwalliya, 'ya'yan itacen har ma da fungi da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire waɗanda ke cike wuraren da ke da ruwa. . Ko kuma, ba tare da ci gaba ba, dabbobinmu da furanninsu, abincinmu, kanmu, ga alama da yawa saboda yana da yawa la'akari, amma ba komai bane.
Sauya wakilan
Wadannan halittu daban daban dole ne su nemi rayuwarsu, kuma ta hanyar mu'amala da wasu jinsinsu, su hayayyafa, wanda suke da nau'ikan halaye da dabi'u wadanda zasu taimaka musu wajen gasa wa wadancan albarkatun da suke bukatar rayuwarsu.
Ana iya fahimtar abubuwan da ke haifar da rayuwa azaman wakilan canji a cikin tsarin, batutuwan da ayyukansu suka fara muhalli, amma menene suke aiwatarwa? Waɗanne albarkatu suke amfani da su don rayuwa? Amsar ita ce ɗayan ɓangarorin da cewa bisa ga yanayin ɗabi'a da ilmin halitta ya ƙunshi yanayin: abubuwan "abiotic". Addedarin kari "a" an ƙara shi zuwa kalmar don nuna ingancin rashi, ko kuma a wata ma'anar, don nuna cewa ba na ilimin halitta ba ne, cewa baƙonta ne. Wannan shine yadda abubuwa kamar iska, ƙasa, ruwa, haske da zafin jiki suka kafa matakin inda flora da fauna ke haɓaka, matsakaiciya inda rayuwa babu kanta, amma wanda ke samar mata da abinci.
Ƙayyadewa
A gefe guda, ya danganta da rawar da suke takawa a cikin sake zagayowar mu'amala da ƙwayoyin cuta wacce aka taƙaita rayuwa, abubuwan da ke haifar da ɗabi'un halitta suna da manyan rarrabuwa uku:
- Furodusoshi ko Autotrophs: Haɗin farko a cikin sarkar mai rikitarwa, wannan nau'ikan yana tattare da waɗancan ƙwayoyin halittar waɗanda ke ɗaukar kwayoyin cuta kuma sun mai da shi abincin da su kansu ke cinyewa. Wannan yana nuna cewa hulɗar sa da wasu rayayyun halittu takaitacciya ce idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'ikan saboda bata dogara da amfani da wasu abubuwan na rayuwa kai tsaye. Tsire-tsire sun fada cikin wannan rarrabuwa. Bugu da kari, ta hanyar cin gajiyar abubuwanda galibi sharar wasu halittu ne (kamar su carbon dioxide daga numfashi da urea daga fitsari), suna ba da gudummawa ga sake amfani da mahadi, aikin da ke tsaftace muhalli.
- Masu amfani ko Heterotrophs: hanyar haɗi ta biyu a cikin jerin abinci. Wannan al'amari ya kunshi wadancan kwayoyin ne wadanda karfinsu da karfinsu bai basu damar kera abincinsu ba, wanda suke samun kayan abincin nasu ta hanyar amfani da wasu halittun kai tsaye, walau Masu samarwa ko wasu Masu amfani da shi. Dabbobi duk kyawawan misalai ne na wannan rarrabuwa. Shin wadanda suke cin tsire-tsire ne, ko masu cin nama wadanda suke kashe wasu dabbobi, ko kuma masu yin lalatattu wadanda suke cin gajiyar mace-macen mutane daban-daban, babu wata dabba da zata iya samar da dukkanin abubuwan gina jiki masu amfani a cikin jikin ta, wanda suke amfani da ita wajen amfani da halittun da suke hanya ko wata sun yi nasara. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa dan adam, koda kuwa ya "noma" kayan lambu kuma ya "kiwata" dabbobi, a zahiri shi mabukaci ne.
- Rushewa ko Detritophages: Kamar yadda furodusoshin suka yi amfani da kwayoyin halittar daga muhalli ko kuma daga rarar wasu halittu don ciyar da kansu, wannan mahaɗin na uku kuma na ƙarshe a cikin sarkar (aƙalla a matakin asali) yana amfani da ƙwayoyin halittar da aka samo cikin ƙwayoyin halitta da ruɓewa mahadi., kasance waɗannan ganyen da suka faɗi, gawawwaki, fatarar da aka zubar ko makamancin haka. Daga cikin rubabbun rubutattun abubuwa sune tsutsar ciki da fungi.
Wannan nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu na uku cYana amfani da irin wannan sake amfani da sake amfani da aiki bisa ka'ida ga na furodusoshi lokacin da suke ɗaukar nauyin tabbatar da ingantaccen ci gaban mahimmin tsari na muhalli da daidaituwarsa, amma yana yin hakan a cikin zurfin, rikitarwa da kuma alamomin sulhu lokacin da a lokaci guda ya rufe kuma ya sake zagayowar. Bazuwar kwayoyin halitta ta rikide zuwa abubuwa waɗanda ke ciyar da Masu samarwa, kuma aikin ya sake farawa.
Bugu da kari, akwai rarrabuwa da aka bayar dangane da yawan kwayoyin halittar da za'a hada su: mutum (guda ɗaya), yawan jama'a (saitin mutane daga wurin da aka ba su) da kuma al'umma (tsarin yawan jama'a). A gefe guda kuma, abubuwan da ke haifar da dabi'ar halitta suna da tarin alakar da ba ta dace ba dangane da irin mu'amalar da suke yi da juna, don haka sai su wanzu: tsinkaye (mai rai yana ciyar da wani kai tsaye, tare da mutuwa sakamakon haka), gasa ( lokacin da jinsuna biyu ke amfani da albarkatu iri ɗaya), parasitism (lokacin da rayayye ke amfani da wani ba tare da bayar da fa'ida ba) da haɗin kai (alaƙar da ɓangarorin biyu ke cin gajiyar hulɗar.
Abubuwan da ke haifar da kwayar halitta a cikin abincin mutum
Wannan ya ce, akwai wasu filayen da ba a tsammani ba inda abubuwan da ke haifar da kwayar halitta suka bayyana. Macrobiotic Diet, alal misali, wani nau'in abinci ne wanda aka ciro shi daga ra'ayoyi daga al'adun gabas, kuma aka sake tsara shi a ƙarƙashin ra'ayoyin zamani, a nan, ana sarrafa gwargwado da nau'ikan abincin da aka sha tare da matuƙar kulawa a ƙarƙashin ra'ayin ƙirƙirar daidaitaccen sinadarai mahadi a cikin jiki bayan an narkar da wadannan abinci, don haka hada kai da tsarin hadewa, wanda ke taimakawa hana cututtuka ta hanyar gujewa gajiya da jiki ke fama da ita lokacin da za ta sarrafa abinci ba daidai ba.
Bugu da ƙari, yanayin da ake samu a masana'antar abinci da tsarin cin abincin al'ummomi daban-daban shine gabatarwar abubuwa "probiotic" a cikin abincin. Su abinci ne daban-daban (yawanci tsiran alade ne ko kiwo) wanda aka ƙara wasu nau'o'in ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda, idan aka cinye su, zasu amfani jiki ta wata hanya. Misali na yau da kullun shine nau'in yogurt wanda ke inganta tsarin narkewar abinci da shan abubuwan gina jiki a cikin hanji.