Dyslexia - Menene shi, nau'ikan, alamun bayyanar cututtuka, haddasawa da jiyya

A zamanin yau, lokacin dyslexia, amma kaɗan sun san abin da ake nufi. An san wannan a matsayin lalacewar karatu wanda ke nuna kansa ga yara, matasa da manya, kuma abin da ya faru ya fi yadda ake tsammani. Daidai saboda wannan dalili, za mu gabatar da labarin mai zuwa akan wannan yanayin, wanda a ciki aka haɓaka maki kamar ma'anarta, rubutu, alamomi, da jiyya da ake amfani da su don shawo kanta.

Gano menene dyslexia da ma'anarsa

Etymologically, kalmar dyslexia tana da kalmomi biyu: dys, kalma daga asalin Hellenanci da aka fassara da wahala; Y lexia, na asalin Latin, wanda ke nufin karatu. Saboda haka, fassarar ainihin wannan kalmar ita ce wahalar karatu.

An bayyana shi azaman wahala a cikin sarrafawa da sauya abubuwan da suka shafi harshe dangane da karatu, rubutu, har ma da magana (musamman alamu, haruffa); ucal yana faruwa a cikin mutane tare da cikakkiyar damar iya fahimta. Wannan wahalar tana da nasa asali a cikin dysfunctions na kwakwalwa, tare da waɗanda aka haifa ko waɗanda aka samu sakamakon haɗari a cikin rayuwar rayuwa.

Saboda haka, mutumin da ba ya iya karatu ko rubutu a lokacin da ake ganin ya yi daidai a gare shi yin hakan ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai tabin hankali; Ba tare da samun kowane irin jinkiri ko nakasuwar hankali ba, nakasar da jijiyoyin wuya (matsalolin ji, matsalolin hangen nesa, misali) kuma tare da ingantacciyar hanyar koyar da tarbiya.

Wasu marubutan, kamar Harstein, Debray da Melékian, la'akari da shi azaman ilmantarwa. Sauran suna ganin ta a matsayin takamaiman kuma matsalar matsala ta ilmantarwa, kamar su Critchley, Nieto da Padget, saboda rikicewa game da bayyanar cututtuka. Gaskiyar ita ce a yau, yawancin mutane ba su bayyana abin da ake kira dyslexia ba. Kalmar ana amfani da ita gaba ɗaya don koma zuwa rikicewar karatu gaba ɗaya da ilmantarwa, wanda ba daidai bane.

Game da abin da ya faru, wannan matsalar tana shafar tsakanin 5 da 10% na yara masu zuwa makaranta, wanda kusan 80% na maza ne. A zahiri, a cikin mutane huɗu da abin ya shafa, uku maza ne. An danganta wannan a zamanin da zuwa ga mahimmancin da aka baiwa ilimin su. Koyaya, a cikin al'ummarmu ta yanzu maza da mata suna zuwa makaranta ba tare da wata matsala ba. Sabili da haka, ba a san takamaiman dalilin da ke haifar da dyslexia a cikin mafi girman jinsi a cikin jinsi ɗaya fiye da wani.

Hanyar da cutar dyslexia ke shafar rayuwar mutane zai dogara ne da ƙimar wahala (idan ta kasance a matakin low, matsakaici ko mai tsanani). Ta wannan hanyar, akwai mutanen da ke da ɗan ƙaramin digiri wanda zai ba su damar, bi da bi, su fice a fagen lissafi da lissafi gaba ɗaya; ko wasu da ke da ƙwarewa sosai amma wanene har yanzu ke iya aiki a cikin ƙwarewa kamar masu fasahar lantarki, masu sana'a, maƙerin zinariya, masu zane da tela. Aƙarshe, waɗancan sharuɗɗa na tsananin tsanani wanda wannan yanayin yana wakiltar ƙarancin nauyi, kuma wannan yana horar da mutane ne kawai don ayyukan farko.

Menene nau'ikan cutar dyslexia?

Akwai matsaloli masu yawa na ilmantarwa, dyslexia yana ɗaya daga cikinsu kuma ana iya raba shi zuwa nau'uka daban-daban, wanda zai dogara da wahalar da mutumin da ke fama da ita ke da shi.

a) Samun dyslexia:

Yana nufin cutar dyslexia wacce ta samo asali daga cikin mutum wanda ya riga ya koyi karatu, bayan hatsarin da ya haifar da matsalar kwakwalwa. Hakanan, waɗannan sun kasu kashi biyu zuwa na tsakiya da na tsakiya, wanda ganewarsu zai dogara ne akan ko tasirin raunin ya shafi fahimtar bayanin ko sarrafa shi.

Dyslexia na gefe:

• Hankali don: Patterson ne ya kirkiro shi a cikin 1981, kuma yana nufin waɗancan sharuɗɗan wanda marasa lafiya zasu iya gano kalmomi a duniya, tare da gano wasiƙun da aka keɓe. Koyaya, sun kasa gano kowane harafin da ke yin kalma.
• Mai gani: A wannan yanayin, mutane suna kuskuren kalmomin ga wasu waɗanda suke da kama da juna. Misali, suna karanta taro maimakon tebur; rana maimakon gishiri, da sauransu. Koyaya, suna iya gano haruffan kalmomin da basu iya karantawa ba. Irin wannan cutar ta dyslexia ya bayyana ta Marshall a cikin 1984, shekaru uku bayan bayyanar hankali.
• Harafi ta wasika: Daga cikin nau'ikan cutar dyslexia da aka ambata, wannan yana rinjayi tsawon kalmomin. Harafi ta nau'in harafi ita ce wacce ke bayyana kanta lokacin da mutum ke da buƙatar karantawa a sarari, ko a ciki, kowane harafin da ke yin wata kalma.

Cutar ta tsakiya: Mai haƙuri yana da matsaloli don danganta alamar hoto tare da ma'anar kalmar; Wannan saboda rashin aiki a cikin hanyoyin da suke aiki azaman hanyar haɗa su. Dogaro da hanyar da yake da wahalar yin wannan haɗin, ana rarraba dyslexia ta tsakiya zuwa:

• Ilimin ilimin halittu: Mai haƙuri yana gabatar da lahani a cikin hanyar magana, tunda yana iya karanta sanannun kalmomi ta hanyar gani, amma ba zai iya karanta sababbin kalmomi, ba sani ba ko ƙirƙira kalmomi. Wani da ke fama da cutar tabin hankali na iya karanta lopo maimakon kerkolfci, misali.
• Na waje: Yana bayyana kansa musamman tare da kuskuren karanta kalmomin da ba daidai ba, yawanci kalmomin aro ne daga wasu yarukan, waɗanda suke da rubutu iri da lafazi a cikin yaren da abin ya shafa; misali, "zaure". Yana da alaƙa da lalacewar maki uku a cikin hanyar gani: ƙamus na gani, tsarin fassara da ƙamus din magana.
• Semantics: Mai haƙuri yana da ikon karanta kalmomi ta hanyar lexicon na gani da lexicon na magana, duk da haka, ba zai sami ma'anarsu ba. A cikin wannan nau'in cutar ta dyslexia, akwai rashin aiki a cikin haɗin tsakanin lexicon na gani da tsarin fassara, wanda ke hana fitowar saƙon duka.
• Zurfi: Wannan shine ɗayan nau'ikan nau'ikan cutar dyslexia, kamar yadda sunan sa yake nunawa, tunda mutum zai sami matsala a wajen karanta maganganun karya ko kalmomin da basu dace ba, da kuma gano ma'anar su. Da mai haƙuri tare da babban dyslexia za su gabatar da duka alamun rashin ƙarfi a cikin hanyar gani, da kuma waɗanda ke da rauni a cikin hanyar magana. Ta wannan hanyar, za su iya karanta "tebur" inda aka ce "kujera".

b) Dyslexia na Juyin Halitta:

Hakanan ana kiran shi dyslexia mai tasowa, shine rashin aiki wanda ke samo asali daga mutum yayin koyon karatu, kuma yana ci gaba har bayan wannan. Alamun cutar a wannan yanayin suna kama da na waɗanda ke fama da nau'in da aka samu, amma a wannan yanayin, ba za a haifar musu da raunin ƙwaƙwalwa ba.

Cutar cututtuka

Da zarar an fallasa nau'o'in cutar ta dislexia, mutum na iya samun ra'ayin alamun da ke da alaƙa da wannan cuta. Koyaya, a cikin wannan ɓangaren muna gabatar da cikakkiyar ɓarke ​​na mafi yawan alamomin cutar dyslexia ga mutanen da suka gabatar da shi, wanda kuma ake amfani da shi don ganewar asali:

• Suna gabatar da a jinkirin karatu, idan aka kwatanta da yara masu irin matakin. Wannan halayyar mutanen dyslexic ce kuma abu ne gama gari yayin da yaro ya fara karanta dogayen jimloli da rubutu.
• Suna rasa tsari na layukan wani rubutu koyaushe, kuma a zahiri, don shiryar da kansu, suna amfani da yatsunsu ɗaya don nuna layin da suke.
• Sukan karkatar da haruffan da ke sanya kalmomin. Ta wannan hanyar, suna iya rikitar da "b" da "p" ko "q".
• Yayin karanta matani, suna kirkirar kalmomi tare da alamun zane mai kama da asali. Za su iya zama ko kuma ba su dace da yanayin karatun ba.
• Zasu iya yin rubutu a gaban madubi lokaci-lokaci.
• Suna gabatar da matsaloli don rubuta kalmomin, kafin hakan suna gabatar da shakku da yawa, kuma gabaɗaya, suna canza tsarin haruffa.
• Suna karanta labarai, gabatarwa da ma'amala (waɗanda ake kira kalmomin aiki) tare da wahala mai yawa, tunda basu da ma'anar da zasu iya danganta ta.
• Suna gabatar da manyan matsaloli wajen koyon sabon yare.
• Suna da wahalar furta kalmomin polysyllabic.
• Yana da wahala a gare su su koyi teburin ninkawa.

Abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar danslexia

Duk da kasancewar cuta ce da aka yi nazari tun daga tsakiyar ƙarni na XNUMX, ba a san musabbabin cutar ta dyslexia a yau ba. Gabaɗaya, mun bayyana dyslexia bisa ga asalinsa azaman juyin halitta kuma ya samu. Abubuwan da suka haifar da wannan a bayyane suke. kodayake akwai abubuwan da suka danganci alamomin, wadanda aka rufe su a wasu ka'idoji wadanda suke kokarin bayyana asalin asalin halittar. Wasu daga cikin karɓaɓɓun zato an bayyana su a ƙasa:

• Kwayoyin halitta Wannan shine ɗayan mafi yawan abubuwan da aka tattauna. Wasu masana kimiyya sun danganta ci gaban wannan matsalar ga chromosomes 15 da 6, masu alaƙa da ci gaban nau'o'in rashin karatun. Koyaya, ba a gabatar da wata shaida mai ƙarfi don tabbatar da hakan ba.
• Neurological haddasawa: Game da wannan batun, rikice-rikicen da ke tattare da yanayin yanayin jijiyoyin jiki, an ambaci rikice-rikicen aiki na ciki, amma gaskiyar ita ce, kamar yadda yake a cikin ra'ayoyin halittar da ke haifar da cutar dyslexia, babu wadatattun shaidu don tabbatar da cewa ta samo asali ne.
• Hormonal haddasawa: Wasu marubutan sun haɗa shi tare da kasancewar kwazon halittar maza, wanda zai bayyana mafi girman matsalar rashin lafiyar a cikin maza.
• Sanadin hankali: Wadannan an bayyana su a cikin nau'ikan cututtukan dyslexia. Abubuwan da ke haifar da azanci shine na gani, na ji da na sauti. Na farko saboda matsaloli ne a cikin aikin gani. Waɗannan na iya faruwa ne saboda gurɓataccen tunani, motsin ido mara kyau, wanda zai iya zama da wahala a bi umarnin haruffa yayin karatu. Wadanda ake ji dasu, wadanda asalin rashin lafiyar suke cikin wahalar ji. A ƙarshe, abubuwan da ke haifar da magana, wanda ake danganta matsaloli da shi zuwa ga rabe-raben sautunan da suke yin yare.
• Sanadin ilimin halin dan Adam: Ka'idar da ke danganta dalilan da ke haifar da cutar dyslexia ga yanayin tunani yana da ban sha'awa sosai. Wasu marubutan sun haɗa cuta tare da rashi a alaƙar sauti da alamun yare. Wasu suna danganta hakan da matsaloli masu lahani ko abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli waɗanda ke tasiri ga iƙirarin yaro da ikon koyo. Aƙarshe, wasu masu bin ɗabi'un ɗabi'a suna da'awar cewa mummunar al'ada ce da aka samo, don haka maganin su yana neman kawo ƙarshen halin.
• Dalilin ilmantarwa: Mai alaƙa da kuskuren, zalunci ko ɓarnatar da ayyukan koyarwa. Koyaya, wannan ka'idar ma ana rigima sosai tunda a irin waɗannan dabarun ne wasu yara ke kamuwa da cutar dyslexia, wasu kuma basu samu ba.

Ingantaccen magani

Maganin cutar dyslexia dole ne ya haɗa da dukkanin rayuwar mai cutar. Don haka, a cikin ganowa tun yana ƙarami, zai buƙaci fasahohi don magance matsalolin karatu. A wannan lokacin an ambaci shirye-shiryen karatu; daga cikin ɗayan shahararrun shine orton gillingham (OG), wanda aka fi sani da Multisensory da Tsarin Harshen Koyarwa (MSLE). Wannan yana dauke da kayan aiki mafi inganci don koyar da yara masu cutar dyslexia.

• Shirin MSLE na amfani da dukkan azan don koyar da yara karatu. Misali, ɗalibai za su iya koyon wata wasiƙa ta duban ta, furta ta, rubuta ta da abubuwa daban-daban ta yadda su ma za su ji ko ƙamshin ta.
• Bugu da kari, ana bukatar a ba da yaron ga kwararru na musamman a yankin; don taimaka maka gane sautunan kalmomi, rarrabe sautuna daga iri ɗaya ka haɗa su ka zama sababbi, misali. Wannan sananne ne da ƙirƙirawa wayar da kan jama'a. Don haka, za su kuma koyi furta kalmomin da ba su sani ba (decoding).
• An ba da shawarar, a cikin aji, don koyar da yara zai fi dacewa a ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. Hakanan, aiwatar da ayyukan da ke ba da damar amfani da nau'ikan sautunan sauti ɗaya ko biyu, maimakon dama da yawa a lokaci guda, kamar yadda aka saba.
• Wasu, gwargwadon asalin cutar ta diski, suna ba da shawarar motsa ido wanda ke motsawa da haɓaka hangen nesa na mutum, kodayake wannan hanyar a halin yanzu ana cike da tambayoyi.

Dangane da ɗaliban jami'a, ana ba da jagorancin maganin dyslexia don taimakawa, tunda a wannan lokacin ya fi rikitarwa don afkawa wannan matsalar. Dole ne ɗaliban jami'a su yi amfani da hanya guda karatun karatu, hakan zai taimaka musu wajen kamo bayanan. Koyaya, wannan cuta ce ta yau da kullun, don haka ta hanya guda zasu buƙaci ƙarin lokaci da yawa don yin karatu da aiwatar da ayyukansu.

A halin yanzu, ci gaban fasaha na iya sauƙaƙa rayuwar dyslexics, musamman a matakin ɗalibi. An sami rakoda na shekaru da yawa waɗanda za su iya amfani da su a aji, don maye gurbin karatu lokaci zuwa lokaci; kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka tare da masu duba sihiri, littattafan da aka yi rikodin murya, koyarwa da kuma ayyuka na musamman da cibiyoyin ilimi ke bayarwa don waɗannan lamuran na musamman.

A ƙarshe, da zarar an san game da wannan matsala ta gama gari, muna gayyatarku don barin ra'ayinku ko ƙwarewa game da batun a cikin akwatin sharhi. Hakanan zaka iya raba labarin akan hanyoyin sadarwar ka don tallata wannan matsalar da ta shafi yara da yawa da kuma talakawa a yau.