Rayuwa a doron duniya ana ƙaddara ta saitin alaƙa wanda a cikinsa akwai wadataccen kwararan bayanai da ci gaba da musayar abubuwa da kuzari. Kwayar halitta ita ce duk abin da yake da taro kuma yake da matsayi a sararin samaniya, ya kunshi atom, wadanda sune mafi karancin raka'o'in da ke samar da shi. Halittu masu rai, ruwa, taurari, duk abin da ke kewaye da mu ya haɗu da atom.
Bambancin abubuwan sinadarai ana bayar da nau'ikan nau'ikan atom. Kowane irin zarra ya zama wani nau'ikan sinadaran daban. A halin yanzu sanannun abubuwa sunadarai 105, daga cikinsu ana samun 84 a zahiri kuma sauran an ƙirƙira su ta hanyar hannu a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje.
Kamar yadda muka riga muka fada, yanayi ya kunshi kwayar halitta, kuma duk wani abu mai rai yana dauke ne da kwayar halitta, wanda kuma hakan ya kunshi atom ne kuma wadannan abubuwan sunadaran. Abubuwan da ke haifar da kwayar halitta an san su da sunan Bioelements, waɗannan kuma ana rarraba su gwargwadon yadda suke da mahimmanci ga rayuwa a cikin:
Abubuwan mahimmanci ga rayuwa
Primary Bioelements sune wadancan muhimman sinadarai, wadanda suke cikin kwayar halitta, a cikin kwayoyin halitta, kyallen takarda, gabobi da kuma tsarin da suke sanya su daga mai sauki zuwa mafi hadadden. Kamar yadda muka fada a baya, duk wani abu, gaba daya, ko yana raye ko baya raye, ya kunshi atom ne, kuma duk abinda ya kunshi nau'ikan kwayoyin guda daya kawai an san shi da wani bangare, abubuwan da aka sani, har zuwa yanzu, sune 105.
A tsarin mulki na kwayar halitta zamu iya samun a kalla tsayayyun abubuwa guda 70, kusan dukkanin abubuwan da suke a doron duniya, tare da rage iskar gas. Kimanin kashi casa'in da tara (99%) na dukkanin rayayyun halittun da ake dasu, mafi yawansu sune ƙwayoyin rai waɗanda suka ƙunshi waɗannan abubuwa shida: Carbon (C), hydrogen (H2), oxygen (O2), Nitrogen (N2); Phosphorus (P) da Sulfur (S) wanda su ne suka fi yawa a cikin lamarin rayayye wanda muke samu a doron ƙasa. Ana kiran su bioelements saboda suna kasancewa wani muhimmin sashi na asali ko tsarin mulkin farko na halittu masu rai.
Nau'in bioelements
Dangane da ko a'a sun zama wani ɓangare na mahimmin tsarin mulki na kwayoyin halittu masu rai, Bioelements za a iya rarraba su cikin: bioelements na farko da bioelements na biyu.
Primary Bioelements
Dukkanin wadannan halittu ne wadanda suke daga cikin mahimmin tsarin mulki na rayuwar, tunda su wani bangare ne da babu makawa wajen samuwar kwayoyin halittar: sunadarai, carbohydrates, lipids, da nucleic acid. Sun haɗu da rayayyun kwayoyin halitta kuma sune: Carbon (C), hydrogen (H2), oxygen (O2), Nitrogen (N2); Phosphorus (P) da Sulfur (S).
Carbon (C)
Es muhimmiyar mahimmancin dukkan kwayoyin halittar, ya bayyana a cikin dukkan sarƙoƙi azaman kwarangwal wanda ke ba da tsari da aiki ga ƙwayoyin halitta. Dukkanin mahadi sunadaran sunadaran carbon ne wadanda suke haduwa da wasu abubuwa ko mahadi.
Yana da lantarki guda huɗu a cikin huɗinsa mafi girma kuma yana iya ƙirƙirar maɗaukakiyar alaƙa tare da sauran carbin da ke ba shi damar samar da dogayen sarkoki na atoms (macromolecules). Wadannan shaidu na iya zama guda daya, biyu ko uku. Hakanan zasu iya ɗaure ga banbancin ra'ayi da aka kafa ta hanyar abubuwa (-H, = O, -OH, -NH2, -SH, H2PO4) a tsakanin wasu, ta yadda zai ba da damar samar da adadi mai yawa na kwayoyin daban-daban, wadanda za su shiga tsakani a cikin yawan tasirin sinadaran, kuma ta haka ne zai ci gajiyar bambance-bambancen da ke cikin yanayin.
Carbon abu ne mai mahimmanci ga dabbobi da tsirrai. Wani bangare ne mai mahimmanci na kwayar glucose, muhimmin mahimmin carbohydrate don aiwatar da matakai kamar numfashi; Har ila yau, yana shiga cikin hotuna, a cikin hanyar CO2 (carbon dioxide).
Carbon shima wani bangare ne na wani macromolecule mai mahimmanci ga rayuwa, na DNA, wannan kwayar tana dauke da bayanan kwayar halittar da ke baiwa kowane mutum irin halayen da bai mallaka ba, wanda kuma jiki yake amfani dashi wajen yin irin wannan bayanin da watsa shi zuwa zuriyarsu
Hydrogen
Hydrogen, tare da oxygen, wani muhimmin bangare ne na kwayoyin halitta. Game da wasu lipids kawai suna nuna carbon da hydrogen atoms a tsarin mulkinsu. A lantarki ion cewa yana da kwayar hydrogen a cikin zangonsa na karshe, yana ba ka damar sauƙaƙe kafa alaƙa tare da kowane ɗayan ƙananan abubuwan rayuwa.
Abubuwan haɗin da ke tsakanin carbon da hydrogen suna da ƙarfi don su zama masu ƙarfi, amma ba su da ƙarfi sosai don hana shi raba kuma ta haka ne zai ba da izinin haɗa wasu ƙwayoyin. Thewayoyin halittar da aka samar, ta hanyar hydrogen da carbon ne kaɗai, suke da aiki zuwa ga iyakacin duniya (wanda baya narkewa cikin ruwa).
Oxigen
Oxygen shine mafi yawan wutar lantarki a cikin dukkanin Bioelements na farko, kuma idan ya hadu da hydrogen, sai ya jawo electron din shi kadai, wanda yake dauke da turakun wutan lantarki, saboda haka masu tsattsauran ra'ayi -OH, -CHO, da COOH sune masu hangen nesa. Lokacin da waɗannan masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suka maye gurbin wasu hydrogens na sarkar carbon da hydrogens kamar su glucose (C6H12O6) haifar da kwayoyi kamar ruwa wanda yake narkewa a cikin ruwan polar.
Oxygen, saboda wutan lantarki, yana da ikon jan hankalin electrons daga wasu kwayoyin halitta. Wannan tsari dole ne ya haɗa da yanke shaidu da sakin ƙarfi mai yawa. Ofungiyoyin carbon da oxygen, suna amsawa da menene an san shi da numfashin iska, kuma hanya ce ta gama gari don samun kuzari. Wata hanyar samun kuzari ita ce kumburi, wannan ya ragu tun lokacin da algae da tsire-tsire, ta hanyar hotuna, suka fara samar da iskar oxygen don yanayin da.
Ana aiwatar da aikin hada abubuwa da gurbatattun kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar rabewar atoms na hydrogen daga atoms din carbon. Oxygen, kasancewar yafi karfin lantarki, yana aiki da karfi akan kwayar hydrogen fiye da akan lantarki, wanda shine dalilin da yasa yake sarrafa shi don fara shi.
Don haka ruwa yake samuwa, tare da hydrogen tare da iskar oxygen kuma ana fitar da yawan kuzari wanda halittu masu rai suke cin gajiyar shi. Yayinda kwayar zarra ta fara raba lantarki tare da hydrogen, ta hanyar raba karancin electrons tare da iskar oxygen, tana samun asarar electron, ma'ana, tana yin kwalliya.
Nitrogen
Nitrogen wani sinadari ne wanda yake kusan kashi 78% na yanayin. Hakanan yana da muhimmin mahimmanci na sunadaran deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ke da alhakin watsa halayen gado daga iyaye zuwa yara. DNA yana cikin dukkan kwayoyin jikin mutum, saboda haka mahimmancin nitrogen ga halittu masu rai.
Gabaɗaya, ba za a iya shanye nitrogen kai tsaye ba, amma a matsayin ɓangare na wasu mahaɗan kamar nitrates, nitrites ko ammonium mahadi da ke ƙunshe da shi. Kafin halittu masu rai suyi amfani da shi, nitrogen yana buƙatar shiga matakai da yawa:
- Ammonification, wani tsari ne wanda nitrogen yake canzawa zuwa ammonia.
- Nitrification wanda ya kunshi canza ammoniya zuwa nitrites da nitrates.
- Tsarin gyarawa wanda nitrogen ya ratsa ta hanyoyi daban-daban don zama nitrite ko nitrate, dukkan abubuwan da halittu zasu iya amfani dasu
Ana samun nitrogen a cikin amino acid, wato, a cikin kwayoyin da suke samar da sunadarai, suna samar da kungiyoyin amino (-NH2) kuma a cikin sansanonin nitrogenous na nucleic acid. Nitrogen shine mafi yawan gas a sararin samaniyaDuk da wannan, ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta suna iya cin gajiyarta. Kusan dukkanin sinadarin nitrogen da algae yake hada shi cikin kwayar halitta kuma tsire-tsire suna cikin nau'in nitrate ion (NH)3).
Nitrogen yana da sauƙin samar da mahadi tare da hydrogen duka biyu (NH3.
Sulfur A matsayina na sinadarin amino acid, bitamin da kuma muhimmiyar homon, sulfur yana da mahimmanci ga mutane da dabbobi.
Sulfur yana wakiltar nauyin jiki na 0.25%, wannan yana nufin cewa matsakaiciyar jiki ta ƙunshi kusan giram 170g, yawancin wannan ana samunsu a cikin amino acid. Sulfur wani bangare ne na sinadarin bile acid, mai mahimmanci don narkewa da narkar da mai. Yana taimaka kula da lafiyayyar fata, gashi da kusoshi kuma yana da muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da nama. Sulfur galibi ana gabatar dashi a cikin kayan lambu kamar su radish, karas, kayayyakin madara, cuku, abincin teku, da nama.
Wasan
Adadin phosphorus da ke cikin sararin samaniya ba shi da amfani. Ana samun mafi yawan ajiyar phosphorus a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa. Ilsasa sun kasance, saboda mahimmancinsu gidan ajiyar yanayi na biyu na phosphorus. Hakanan zamu iya samun shi a cikin ɓawon burodi na ƙasa a matsayin ɓangare na ma'adanai daban-daban saboda yanayin yanayin sinadarai, ana fitar da sinadarin phosphates daga ma'adinan, yana narkewa kuma ana ɗaga shi ta ruwa.
Wani sashi na iskar phosphate yana sauka, akasarinsa a cikin sinadarin calcium phosphate, wani bangare kuma ya isa tekuna, inda adadi mai yawa na phosphorus ya taru, wanda ya zama abin da ake kira tarkon phosphorus.
Phosphorus a cikin hanyar kwayoyin phosphate, yana da mahimmanci ga abu mai rai tunda:
- Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da suke hada kwayoyin nucleic acid (RNA da DNA, wadanda suke dauke da kwayar halittar kwayoyin halitta
- An samo shi azaman ɓangaren adenosine triphosphate, wanda shine kusan tushen makamashi na salula a cikin kwayar halitta.
- Yana daya daga cikin abubuwanda kashin baya yake.