Kwakwalwa ita ce cibiyar gibin tsarinmu, kasancewar ita ce "computer" wacce take sarrafawa da kuma lura da dukkan ayyukanmu na azanci da motsa jiki, tana kuma da alhakin tunani, tunani da hankali; wanda aka kirkira ta hadadden tsari, ya kasu kashi biyu, dama da hagu, rabu da shi, wanda aka sani da fissure mai hadewa da juna; Wannan yanki na kwakwalwar ya kunshi abu ne da ke dauke da jijiyoyin jikin mutum, sannan kuma ana kiransa da neocortex ko cortex kuma a ciki ne tunani yake zaune. A kowane sashin duniya, akwai yankuna hudu da suke tsara ayyuka na musamman a jikinmu.
Yanzu, da zarar an bayyana waɗannan mahimman bayanai, zamu iya bayyana me muke nufi lokacin da muke magana game da gaba, A hanya mai sauƙi kuma kai tsaye, zamu iya cewa asali ɗayan yankuna huɗu ne da keɓe ya keɓe, shi ke kula da tsara ayyukan aiwatarwa, wanda ya kasance daga yare, tsarawa da aiwatar da hankali. Hakanan lobe na gaba yana da alaƙa da abubuwan haɓaka da halayyar mutum waɗanda ke ƙayyade halin mutum, kai tsaye yana tasiri ci gaba a cikin mahalli da halayen mutum da kansa.
Halaye na lobes na gaba
Texwayar ƙwaƙwalwar tana da kauri 4 mm kuma ta ƙunshi nau'ikan jijiyoyi guda biyar waɗanda suka haɗu da layuka shida, ƙidaya daga sama zuwa ciki ko zurfi. Loungiyar gaba ta rufe kashi na uku na ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa (yanki ne mafi girma), tun da sun tafi daga sandar gaban zuwa tsakiya ko Rolando sulcus. Tushen ƙananan lobes na gaba shine ƙirar da ake kira orbito-frontal cortex. Babban ci gaban sel mai laushi, I, IV da V a cikin sassan gaba ga ƙungiyar motar, yana nuna ainihin haɗin kai na lobes na gaba.
A tsari, zamu iya cewa an raba shi ta fuskoki biyu, na Rolando da na Silvio, wanda ke haifar da haɗuwa 4:
- Babban goshi na gaba.
- Tsakar gida ta tsakiya.
- Gyrus na gaban goshi.
- Hawan dutse ko Pre-landic gaban goshi.
Wadannan rikice-rikice suna ƙayyade yankuna a ciki an raba kashin gaba.
Yankunan lobe na gaba
Babban Mota
yayi dace da bangaren ingantaccen gyrus na gaba, wannan yanki yana da babbar sifa kasancewar kasancewar ɗumbin ƙwayoyin pyramidal (daga Betz). Stimarfafa wutar lantarki na wannan yanki ya dace da motsi na ƙungiyoyin tsoka a kishiyar sashin jiki don amsawa. A cikin wannan yanki, ƙarar tsokoki bai dace da faɗaɗa yankin ba, amma ga mahimmancin aikin da yake da shi. A wannan yankin, ana tantance ƙwarewar motar da ke ƙayyade yanayin fuska da motsin hannu.
Premotor
Wannan shi ne yankin na hawan gyrus na gaba rashin sel na Betz, matsalolin lantarki akan wannan yanki suna haifar da ƙananan motsi fiye da motsawar babban yankin motar. Idan aka fitar da ƙananan wurare daga wannan yankin, kyakkyawan tsarin daidaito na ƙungiyoyi ana canza su, yana nuna rawar da yake takawa a cikin shirye-shiryen abubuwan motsawa, daga inda suka samo sunan mai gabatarwa. Yana haɗuwa da haɗin thalamus, cerebellum, da basal ganglia, yana ba shi damar daidaita ƙungiyoyi masu rikitarwa, musamman ma na jijiyoyin jiki da na kusa. A cikin wannan yankin akwai cibiyoyin da ke tsoma baki a cikin gyaran motsin idanu, motsin fuska da kuma magana da harshe, juyawar akwati da kai.
Motorarin Mota
Ayyukan sel a cikin wannan yanki ana kunna su, ba wai kawai lokacin da ake buƙatar daidaituwa tsakanin maza da mata a cikin ayyuka ba, har ma a cikin duk waɗannan motsi waɗanda tunani ke shiga ciki. Shirya shirye-shiryen ƙaddamarwa da nufin babban yankin yanki. Ayyukan wannan yanki a kan motsi ana yin su ne ta hanya biyu, fiye don aikin hannu fiye da na kusancin kusancin tsokoki. Rolando (1980) ya nuna halartar wannan yanki a cikin fahimtar sararin samaniya, tare da haɗi tare da yanki mai mahimmanci.
Gudanar da ido-motar
Wannan yanki yayi daidai da tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsaki a wannan yankin kwakwalwar. Yana tsoma baki a cikin daidaitawar idanuwa, gwargwadon shigarwar da ta karɓa daga lokacin (auditory), occipital (visual) da kuma somatic-kinesthetic cortex.
Hankali da maida hankali
Sun mamaye bangaren gabansa, suna karbar labari daga thalamus (tsakiya na dorsum tsakiya) kuma tare da tsarin lalata. Raunuka a cikin waɗannan yankuna ana bayyanarsu cikin canje-canje na yanayi ko yanayi, godiya da halin nuna halin ko-in-kula, rashin sha'awar ayyuka masu sauƙi kamar su wanka, tashiwa ko cin abinci, ƙarancin tunani, ƙarancin hankali da ƙwaƙwalwa. Yankin da ke cikin ƙananan ɓangaren hawan goshi na hawan sama da na gaban goshi (angular da opercular gyrus) suna kula da tsokoki masu alaƙa da yare kamar fuska, harshe, ɗanɗano da igiyar murya. Rauni a cikin wannan yanki yana samar da aphasia mai ma'ana, ma'ana, gazawa a cikin ƙirƙirar harshe tare da wahala ga fitarwa da bayyana harshe.
Ayyukan fahimi waɗanda ke haɗe da lobe na gaba
Harshe
Matsalolin kunnawa a cikin harshe suna da alaƙa da lalacewar yankin lobular na tsakiya. Aphasia mai motsi tare da ragi mai yawa a cikin harshe ba zato ba tsammani na iya faruwa bayan lalacewar maɗaukakiyar kodin baya. Ana iya kimanta raunin kunnawa ta hanyar ayyukan iya magana, ma'ana, tambayar mutum ya samar da mafi yawan kalmomin farawa da takamaiman harafi. Deficarancin tsara abubuwa, ko rikicewar magana, suna da asali da labarai a cikin yanayi. Suna nuna matsalolin tsari da tsarawa. Raunin hagu yana haifar da sauƙaƙawa, maimaitawa (juriya) da rashi. Raunin dama na iya haifar da fadada bayanai dalla-dalla, kutsawar abubuwa marasa mahimmanci, dysprosodia, dukansu suna haifar da rashin haɗin kai a cikin labarin.
Controlwaƙwalwar ajiya
Don la'akari da rawar gaban lobe na gaba a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, yana da amfani a rarrabe tsakanin ƙa'idodin haɗin gwiwa na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da hanyoyin dabarun da suka shafi daidaitawa, bayani, da fassara waɗannan ƙungiyoyi. Matsayin lobe na gaba cikin ƙwaƙwalwa shine na iko da shugabanci. Lalacewar lobes na gaba ba koyaushe ke haifar da rashin lafiyar asibiti ba "amnesia". Nazarin raunin ya nuna mahimmancin lobes na gaba a cikin ayyukan dawo da inda saka idanu, tabbatarwa da sanya kayan a cikin yanayin yanayi da sararin samaniya suna da mahimmancin gaske. Reduplication, confabulation, da focus retrograde amnesia, duk rikice-rikicen farfadowar karya, suna da alaƙa da raunin ƙoshin gaba. Memwaƙwalwar Aiki: Babban aikin lobes ɗin gaba a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar aiki shine na sarrafa kai tsaye da sarrafa bayanai.Ko da yake ƙananan lobes ɗin suna da hannu cikin adanawa da kiyaye bayanai, waɗannan ayyukan galibi ana yin sulhu ne da shiyyoyi. kamar yadda ƙananan parietal lobe. Matsayi na lobes na gaba ya fi girma yayin da bayanin da aka karɓa ya gabatar da manyan tsangwama ko wuce ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwar aiki. Gwiwar dorsolateral tana da hannu cikin saka idanu da magudi na bayanai. Matsayin cortex na orbitofrontal ba shi da cikakken haske, wasu suna danganta shi da kulawa, sarrafa tsangwama da hanawa.
Atención
Loananan lobes suna da alhakin sarrafa hankali. Ingantaccen kimantawa game da ƙarancin kulawa yana buƙatar bambancewa tsakanin matakai daban-daban na hankali waɗanda zasu iya zama aiki mara aiki. Evaluimar gargajiya ta ƙunshi matakan sassaucin hankali, zaɓaɓɓu da ɗorewar hankali, yayin da ƙididdigar zamani ta raba tsarin kulawa na baya.
Yanke shawara
Kwanan nan, bisa ga binciken da aka gudanar, an nuna mahimmancin lobes ɗin gaba a cikin ayyukan yanke shawara waɗanda suka haɗa da lada a cikin yanayin da ba a tsara su ba. Nazarin bayanan martaba na hankali, gami da gwaje-gwaje na yanke shawara daban-daban, an gudanar da su a cikin marasa lafiya tare da raunuka daban-daban (iyakance ga orbitofrontal, dorsolateral da dorsomedial yankuna), a cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da laulayi masu yawa (wanda ya ƙunshi biyu ko fiye daga waɗannan yankuna biyu) kuma a cikin iko na yau da kullun. Mawallafin sun gano cewa marasa lafiya da ke fama da rauni a gefe a cikin dama kobitofrontal cortex suna da rashi a gwajin yanke shawara, amma raunin hagu bai yi ba. Wadannan karatuttukan sun ba da damar tabbatar da wanzuwar ma'amala tsakanin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin kobitofrontal don aiwatar da shawarar yanke shawara kuma yawancin hanyoyin da ake bi da hankali (musamman ma aikin aiki) suna da mahimmanci don ingantaccen zabi na yiwuwar zabi.
Tsarin kai
Matsayi na kwayar cutar ta iska a cikin hanyoyin hanawa, tausayawa da lada, yana ba da shawarar shiga cikin aiki cikin tsarin tsara kai na hali. Marasa lafiya da ke lalata lalacewar ƙwayar cuta na iya haifar da matsaloli wajen daidaita halaye daidai da manufofinsu na ciki. Wadannan ragi sun bayyana daga rashin iya kiyaye wakilcin tunanin kai da amfani da wannan bayanin kai tsaye don hana martani mara kyau.
Humor
Humor ƙwarewa ce da ke buƙatar haɗakarwar fahimta da motsin rai. Marasa lafiya tare da raunuka a gefen dama na dama, musamman ma a yankin da ke kusa, suna da matsaloli masu yawa game da yabawa da barkwanci da barkwanci.
Loungiyar gaba a cikin ci gaban ayyukan zartarwa
Wannan mawuyacin abu ne mai rikitarwa sosai, kuma wannan yana bayyane yayin kimanta saitin haɗin ma'amala da tsarin daban-daban kamar limbic, wanda ke ƙayyade haɓakar motsawar mutum; Ungiyoyi tare da tsarin suma an tabbatar dasu reticular activator, wanda ke daidaita ayyukan ci gaba na kulawa kuma tare da yankunan daga baya tarayya, wanda ya ƙunshi tsarin ƙungiya na sake dawowa. Dangane da wannan, ana iya tabbatar da cewa gaban goshi shine tsarin da ke sarrafa martani na hali (Ayyukan gudanarwa).
Ayyukan sanannen sanannun jerin ƙididdigar ƙwarewa ne waɗanda ke da alaƙa da hangen nesa da saita manufofi, ƙirƙirar tsare-tsare da shirye-shirye, fara abubuwa, da ayyukan tunani. Hakanan an haɗasu a cikin wannan lokacin sune matakan tsara kai da sa ido kan ayyuka, madaidaicin zaɓi na halaye da halaye, da ƙungiyarsu cikin lokaci da sarari.
Ci gaban ayyukan zartarwa na faruwa ne a tsakanin shekaru shida zuwa takwas, lokacin da yara ke samun ikon sarrafa kan su, ta hanyar kafa maƙasudai da tsammanin abubuwan da zasu faru, waɗanda ba su dogara da umarnin waje ba. Wannan karfin fahimtar yana da nasaba da ci gaban aikin sarrafa harshe (harshe na ciki) da bayyanar matakin aiki na hankali da kuma balaga na gaba-gaba na kwakwalwa, wanda ke faruwa a ƙarshen ci gaban yaro. Lokacin da akwai rauni a yankin gaban kwakwalwa, ana iya lura da yawancin alamomin gaba ɗaya.
Rikici mai alaƙa
- Definedarancin hankali an ayyana shi azaman cuta cuta ilimin lissafi da hankali, yawanci bincikar lafiya a lokacin yarinta, kodayake a lokuta da dama yakan ci gaba har ya girma. An bayyana shi da matsakaiciyar rashin ƙarfi don gyara hankali ko damuwa. Mutum na iya kulawa da gajeren lokaci. A wasu lokuta, wannan yanayin na gaban lobe yana da alaƙa da motsa jiki (motsin rai) da halayyar motsa rai, yana haifar da matsaloli a ɓangarori da yawa na aiki, yana hana ci gaban zamantakewar, motsin rai da fahimi na mutumin da ke fama da shi.
- Ciwon Asperger cuta ce mai saurin ci gaba wanda ke shafar ayyukan ƙwayoyin cuta, haifar da karkacewa ko rashin daidaito a cikin waɗannan fannoni: haɗi da ƙwarewar zamantakewar jama'a, amfani da yare don dalilai na sadarwa, da halaye na ɗabi'a masu alaƙa da maimaitawa ko halaye masu haƙuri.
- Rashin lafiyar Autistic, yana haifar da canjin ci gaban zamantakewar jama'a, tunda yana da halin saboda mutum ya mai da hankali ga duniyar sa ta ciki.
- Rashin hankali mai rikitarwa Yanayin damuwa wanda ke haifar da rikice-rikice da maimaitaccen tunani, haifar da nutsuwa, fargaba, tsoro ko damuwa, da maimaita halaye, da ake kira tilastawa da nufin rage alaƙa da alaƙa.