Menene gudummawar Galileo Galilei?

Gudunmawar da Galileo Galilei hakika suna da matukar mahimmanci ga cigaban kimiyyar lissafi, ilimin taurari da kuma kimiyya gaba daya; tunda har wannan ana daukar sa a matsayin mahaifin kimiyya, wanda a cewar karatu ya kasance a masanin kimiyyar lissafi, injiniya, lissafi, masanin taurari da falsafa wanda aka haifa a Italiya a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 1564.

Galileo mutumin Katolika ne bisa ga ƙungiyar Renaissance, wanda ba kawai ya fannoni a fagen ilimin kimiyya ba ne, har ma da maganganun fasaha. Bayan haka, ana la'akari da cewa wannan ya zama asali ga juyin juya halin kimiyya, tunda ya kalubalanci tsoffin ra'ayoyin kimiyya da addini; inda na biyun shine sanadiyyar tsare shi da kuma mutuwar da ta biyo baya, tunda duk da kasancewarsa ɗan Katolika wannan ba matsala ba ce a gare shi da ƙirar Copernican ta duniya.

Taimakawa ga ka'idar Copernican

A zamanin da, tun kafin Galileo, kawai ana tunanin cewa Allah ne ya halicci Duniya don haka masu bincike kawai sunyi la'akari da nazarin abin da ke ciki. Dangane da ka'idojin Aristotle da Ptolemy, tare da cocin Katolika, duniya tana Cibiyar Duniya kuma kodayake hakan bai bayyana dukkan abubuwan da ɗalibai suka lura da su ba, ka'ida ce mai inganci har zuwa lokacin da Copernicus, Galileo, Johannes Kepler da Tycho Brahe.

Galileo ya ba da gudummawa ga ka'idar Copernican (Taurarin suna tawayar rana) abubuwan binciken da sabon madubin hangen nesa da ya inganta ya bayar, kamar abubuwan da ya gani na Wata, Jupiter, Venus, har ma da rana. Abin da ya taimaka masa wajen ƙirƙirar rubutu wanda ya bayyana yadda sararin duniya yake aiki da kuma yadda duniya take a ciki.

Juyin juya halin kimiyya

Daya daga cikin gudummawar Galileo Galilei Babban abin sananne shine halin sa game da Cocin Katolika na son cigaba da nunawa cewa samfurin ko ka'idar da ake dashi game da Duniya baiyi daidai ba, komai kudin sa.

Wannan, tare da kamun sa, ya samar da hanya ga sauran masana kimiyya don shiga tare da rabuwa da Cocin Katolika, tare da samar da juyin juya halin kimiyya wanda ya ba da damar ci gaban kimiyya cikin saurin da ya fi na zamanin da; dalilin da yasa cikin kankanin lokaci muka sami damar isa inda muke a yau. Saboda haka, gudummawar Galileo Galilei ga duniyar zamani ita ce mafi girma duka.

Littattafan Galileo Galilei

A cikin rayuwar Galileo, ya wallafa jerin littattafai game da fannoni daban-daban, kamar ilimin kimiyyar lissafi ko ilimin taurari. Daga cikin su za mu iya samun "The Sidereal Messenger" na 1610, "Ayyuka na tsarin lissafi da kompasi na soja" na 1604, "Tattaunawa game da abubuwan da ke shawagi a kan ruwa" na 1612, "Tattaunawa kan manyan tsarin duniya biyu" na 1631 da "Sabbin kimiyya guda biyu" na 1638.

• Mai sakon sidereal game da abubuwan da masanin kimiyya ya gano ne game da wata.
• Ayyukan kwastomomi da kompasi na soja Ya ƙunshi bayanin masanin kimiyya na gwaje-gwajen da aikace-aikacen da za a yi amfani da su a fannin fasaha.
• Littafin magana game da abubuwan da suke shawagi akan ruwa, Maimakon haka, ya kunshi bincike wanda yake neman tabbatar da ka'idar Aristotle, wanda gaskiyane.
• Tattaunawa kan manyan tsare-tsare biyu a duniyaYa kasance game da ra'ayoyi mabanbanta game da ka'idojin halittu na lokacin; musamman akwai uku, ka'idar Copernican, wacce ba ta yi imani da ita ba kuma ba ta nuna bambanci. Littafin yana haɓakawa tare da mutum don kowane tunani.
• A ƙarshe Sabbin ilimin kimiyya guda biyu yana da makasudin yin taƙaitaccen bayani game da ilimin motsi da ƙarfi, waɗanda suke cikin Gudunmawar Galileo Galilei ga kimiyyar lissafi.

Dokar motsi

Dokar motsi ta farko ta Newton ita ce abin da Galileo ya yi nazari a kansa, wanda ya fahimci cewa jiki na iya saurin yanayi daidai gwargwadon girma ko girmansu; don haka motsi ya kasance kawai game da saurin da shugabanci na jiki.

A cewar Galileo, an samar da motsin ne sakamakon amfani da "karfi" kuma idan wannan ba wani bangare bane na tsarin, jiki zai kasance "hutawa". Bugu da ƙari, shi ma ya kammala cewa abubuwa suna iya tsayayya da canje-canje a cikin motsi, saboda haka ya gano "inertia."

Inganta na'urar hangen nesa

Kodayake wannan mutumin bai kirkiro madubin hangen nesa ba, amma ya iya inganta shi sosai. A cikin waɗancan shekarun akwai na'urar hangen nesa wacce za ta iya faɗaɗa sau uku, amma Galileo ya sami damar daidaita tabarau don cimma ninki mai ninka talatin.

Na'urar hangen nesa ta farko tayi kanun labarai a shekara ta 1609 kuma bayan shekara guda, wannan masanin ya kirkiro samfuran samfu hamsin (ba duka suke aiki ba). Bugu da kari, kuma saukar da hoton da wannan kayan aikin ya yada, tunda a baya an ganshi a juye.

Saturnites

Gudummawar da Galileo ya bayar ya banbanta matuka, tunda a wannan yanayin ya lura da tauraron dan adam na Jupiter (ya gansu a karon farko a watan Janairun 1610) ta hanyar hangen nesa, yana gaskanta cewa waɗannan taurari ne da farko amma daga baya ya fahimci cewa tauraron dan adam ne, wanda yadda suke kusa da duniyar, da sauri suke motsi.

Hanyoyin Venus

Ya kasance a farkon 1600s lokacin da Galileo Galiei ya gano matakan Venus. Gaskiyar ita ce ya riga ya lura da taurari da Jupiter ko Saturn. Koyaya, a wannan yanayin ya sami damar tabbatar da cewa akwai jerin matakai waɗanda suka yi daidai da na watan. Ta wannan hanyar, ɗayan babbar gudummawar Galileo ne tunda sun tabbatar, sake Ka'idar Copernican. Fiye da shekaru 1500, akidar ta yi imani da cewa rana, duniyoyi da wata sune wadanda suka zagaye duniya. Don haka lokacin da aka gano matakan Venus, an ga cewa duk abin da aka yi tunaninsa bai dace da wannan binciken ba.

Wata na juji

Watan da ake kira Jupiter an gano su a 1610 kuma tabbas, Galileo Galilei ne ya gano su. Su ne manyan tauraron dan adam guda hudu da wannan duniyar take dasu: Io, Europa, Ganymede da Callisto. Kodayake da farko ya sanya su da lambobi. Galileo ya ga maki uku kuma washegari ya gano akwai huɗu. Ba za su iya zama taurari ba saboda suna zagaye da su.

Kusoshin rana

Masana kimiyya da masu bincike da yawa sunyi nazarin Sunspots a wancan lokacin, saboda haka wannan sifa ba daidai ba ga Galileo saboda yayi amfani da binciken wasu masana kimiyya ya sanya su kuma don haka ya sami farin jini da girmamawa ga sarakuna.

Koyaya, ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga nazarin su, wanda tare da sauran binciken suka ba shi damar ƙarfafa ka'idar Copernican, tunda waɗannan wuraren alamu ne na nuna cewa duniya tana zagaye da rana.

Abinda yakamata

Wani gudummawar da Galileo Galilei ya bayar shine abin karantawa, tunda yana saurayi ya lura da kararrawa na babban cocin Pisa da kuma yadda suke jujjuya godiya ga motsin da iskar ruwa ke samarwa.

Ya kirkireshi a 1583 kuma ta hanyar gwada bugun sa ya sami nasarar gano "dokar pendulum". Wanne ne ƙa'idar da har yanzu ake amfani da ita a yau, wanda ke nuna cewa ba tare da la'akari da nisan abin da abin ɗorawa ke motsawa daga daidaituwarsa ba, ba ya bambanta a cikin jujjuyawar sa.

Karatun wata

da nazarin wata ta Galileo Galilei Suna ɗaya daga cikin fitattun gudummawar sa a ilimin taurari da kimiyya gabaɗaya, tunda motsin ta da halayen ta sune abin bincike. Saboda haka ne aka halicci ka'idar cewa tauraron dan adam dinmu na dabi'armu iri daya ne (ya lura da tsaunuka da ramuka a ciki), wanda hakan ya ba shi karin dalilin yin imani da ka'idar Copernican.

Haskakawa

Daga cikin fitattun abubuwan kirkirar da muka samo na’urar nazarin yanayin zafi, tunda ita ce irinta ta farko kuma wannan yayi aiki don ƙirƙirar ma'aunin zafi da sanyio cewa mun sani a yau. An ƙirƙira ƙirƙirar ne a cikin 1592, lokacin da Galileo yayi amfani da ƙaramin gilashin ruwa haɗe da wani bututu wanda yake da ƙwallan gilashin komai a ƙarshen. Wannan ya yi aiki daidai da yanayin zafi da matsin lamba, tunda ana iya samun sakamako tare da haɗin abubuwan biyu.

Kodayake thermoscope ba shi da ikon bayar da ma'auni daidai game da yanayin zafin, amma yana iya nuna canje-canje iri ɗaya; Don haka kodayake ba zai zama kamar babban al'amari a yau ba, a wancan lokacin wani sabon abu ne wanda ya ba da damar haɓaka kayan awo a cikin shekarun baya.

Hanyar ilimin kimiyya

Galileo Galilei shima ana daukar sa mahaifin hanyar kimiyya, wanda ya gabatar da shi a lokacin ra'ayin mazan jiya na addinin Katolika kuma wanda, ba shi da dangantaka da tunanin Aristotle.

An samo binciken ne lokacin da Galileo yayi amfani da hujjojin lissafi a wasu bincikensa ko bincikensa; wanda aka dauke shi kayan aikin bincike. Duk da cewa ba a ambata shi ba (akwai shakku game da me yasa), wannan ya yi aiki don cigaban hanyar kimiyya daga baya.

Zoben Saturn

Shi ne masanin taurari na farko da ya fara ganin tauraron dan Adam daga Duniya. Yin bincike, ya gano wani abu da ya ɗauki hankalinsa. Ba komai bane face zoben Saturn. Kodayake watakila gaskiyar kamar haka ba ta da gudummawa don haskakawa ba, yana da daraja a ambata shi.

Dokar Faduwa

Har ila yau, a fannin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, wannan masanin ya kirkira ta hanyar nuna cewa karfi ya haifar da hanzari ba gudu ba kamar yadda Aristotle ya fada a zamanin da; wanda hakan ya bashi damar fahimtar cewa karfin karfi karfi ne mai dorewa kuma yana samar da sakamako na hanzari akai-akai akan jikin da ke fadawa kasa.

Gudummawar da Galileo Galilei ke bayarwa ba wai kawai ban mamaki bane ga lokacin da yake ciki, amma kuma sun kasance tushen tushen ci gaban kimiyya daga wannan karni zuwa yau. Saboda haka, wannan hali ne a cikin tarihi wanda yake da wahalar mantawa, tunda ya sadaukar da dukkan shekarun rayuwarsa ga waɗannan binciken da suke da mahimmanci ga zamantakewar zamani da kimiyya.