Wataƙila kun taɓa jin labarin Harajin Bloom amma ba ku san ainihin abin da yake game da yadda ake amfani da shi ba. A zahiri ya fi sauƙi fiye da yadda yake sauti, amma dole ne ku kula da duk abubuwan tasirin don ku sami fa'idarsa. A cikin ilimi, duk abin da ke nufin amfani da ilmantarwa ana maraba dashi.
Ilimi wani tsari ne wanda ake horar da ɗalibi ko koya game da wani batun. Makasudin shine don waɗannan mutane su haɓaka kuma suna da ƙwarewar fahimta, tasiri, ɗabi'a da kuma damar zamantakewar jama'a. Ilimi yana da mahimmanci a cikin zamantakewar mu don yada ilimin daga ɗayan zuwa wani kuma don mu sami damar daidaitawa da haɓaka cikin yanayin da muka sami kanmu. Ta wannan hanyar mutane za su iya koyon ilimi da dabarun da za su ciyar da al'umma gaba ba ci baya ba.
A halin yanzu ilimi haƙƙi ne na duniya amma ba haka yake ba koyaushe. Menene makasudin koyon karatu? Misali ɗaya don darajar darajar karatun mutane shine Haraji na Bloom kuma yana da mahimmanci a fahimce shi don ci gaba.
Menene
Harajin haraji na Bloom rarrabuwa ce tare da manufofi daban-daban waɗanda yakamata a cimma su ta hanyar ilimin zamani. Benjamin Bloom ne ya kirkireshi a cikin 1956 don inganta ingantattun hanyoyin tunani a cikin ilimi, kamar nazari da kimanta ra'ayoyi, matakai, matakai, da ƙa'idodi, maimakon kawai tuna abubuwan gaskiya (rote learning).
Tsarin da Bloom da abokan aikin sa suka haɓaka ya ƙunshi manyan rukuni shida: Ilimi, Fahimta, Aikace-aikacen, Nazari, Kira da Kimantawa. Rukunan bayan Ilimi an gabatar dasu azaman 'ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa', tare da fahimtar cewa ilimi shine mahimmin sharaɗi da ake buƙata don aiwatar da waɗannan ƙwarewar da damar.
Duk da yake kowane rukuni ya ƙunshi ƙananan rukuni, duk a kan ci gaba daga sauƙi zuwa hadadden abu mai faɗi zuwa na ƙarshe, ana yawan tuna harajin gwargwadon manyan rukunoni shida.
Tsarin harajin asali na Bloom daga 1956
Anan ga taƙaitaccen bayani daga marubutan waɗannan manyan rukunan:
- Conocimiento. Ya ƙunshi dawo da takamaiman al'amuran duniya, dawo da hanyoyi da matakai ko dawo da tsari, tsari ko daidaitawa.
- Fahimta. Yana nufin nau'in fahimta ko tsoro kamar yadda mutum ya san abin da ake magana da shi. Kuna iya amfani da kayan abu ko ra'ayin da ake magana da su ba tare da haɗa shi da wani abu ba ko ganin cikakkiyar maslaharsa.
- Aikace-aikacen. Yana nufin amfani da abstractions musamman kuma tabbataccen yanayi.
- Bincike. Yana wakiltar rugujewar sadarwa zuwa cikin abubuwanda aka kirkira ko sassanta, don haka matsakaicin tsarin ra'ayoyi ya bayyana kuma alakanta tsakanin ra'ayoyin da aka bayyana a bayyane suke.
- Kira. Ya haɗa da haɗin abubuwa da ɓangarori don ƙirƙirar gaba ɗaya.
- Haɗa hukunce-hukunce game da ƙimar kayan aiki da hanyoyi don takamaiman dalilai.
Sabunta harajin Bloom (2001)
Wani rukuni na masu ilimin sanin halayyar dan adam, masu koyar da darussan ilimi da masu bincike na koyarwa, da kwararru kan gwaji da kimantawa sun wallafa bita kan harajin Bloom a shekara ta 2001 a karkashin taken Takaddama don Koyarwa, Ilmantarwa, da Bincike. Wannan taken yana karkatar da hankali daga mahimmancin ra'ayi game da "manufofin ilimi" (a cikin asalin asalin Bloom) kuma yana nuna fahimta mai mahimmanci game da rarrabuwa. Saboda haka, kwararru na ilimi a yau sun dogara da wannan sabunta harajin Bloom don samun damar amfani da shi a cikin karantarwa da koyon kowane fannin ilimi.
Marubutan da aka sake fasalin harajin sun jaddada wannan karfin, ta hanyar amfani da kalmomin aiki da kuma amfani da abubuwa don yin lakabi da rukuninsu da karamin rukuninsu (maimakon sunaye daga asalin harajin). Wadannan "kalmomin aiki" suna bayanin hanyoyin wayewar kai wanda masu tunani suke haduwa da aiki da ilimi:
- Tuna (Ganewa, tunawa)
- Fahimta (fassara, misaltawa, rarrabewa, taƙaitawa, kwatantawa, bayani)
- aplicar (aiwatarwa, aiwatarwa)
- Binciken (rarrabewa, tsarawa, dangantawa)
- Kimanta (dubawa, kushewa)
- Ƙirƙiri (samarwa, tsarawa, samarwa)
A cikin gyaran harajin da aka bita, ilmi yana a gindin wadannan dabarun fahimta guda shida, amma marubutan su sun kirkiri haraji daban-daban na nau'ikan ilimin da aka yi amfani da su wajen fahimta
- Ilimin gaskiya (ilimin kalmomin aiki da takamaiman bayanai ko abubuwa)
- Ilimin fahimta (ilimin rarrabuwa, rukuni, ka'idoji, cikakkun bayanai, ra'ayoyi, samfura ko tsari)
- Ilimin tsarin aiki (Sanin ƙwarewa, algorithms, dabaru da hanyoyi, ƙa'idodi don amfani da hanyoyin da suka dace)
- Ilimin ilimin metacognitive (ilimin dabarun aiki, ayyukan tunani da sanin kai)
Me yasa ake amfani da harajin fure
Marubutan tsarin harajin Bloom suna ganin cikakken tasiri a ciki tunda sun danganta shi azaman aiki mai tasiri ga ilimin kowane mutum. Suna tunanin cewa yakamata ayi amfani da harajin Bloom saboda:
- Manufofin ilmantarwa ko manufa an kafa su, waxanda suke da mahimmanci don samun kyakkyawar musanyar koyar da tarbiyya. Malaman makaranta da ɗalibai sun fahimci daga farkon lokacin nau'in musayar ilimi da zasu samu.
- Manufofin suna da tsari kuma taimako ne don bayyana waɗanda suke da mahimmanci ga ɗalibai.
- Ku tsara maƙasudanku yana taimaka wa malamai da furofesoshi shirya shirin da ya dace, tsara ingantattun ayyuka na kimantawa da dabaru, da kuma tabbatar da cewa koyarwa da kimantawa sun dace da manufofin da aka bayyana.
Harajin haraji na Bloom a fili ya kafa manufofin da dole ne a cimma su dangane da takamaiman nau'in ilmantarwa, don haka zai iya sauƙaƙe aikin malamai, kuma ɗalibai za su san abin da ya kamata a koyaushe. Dalibi shima dole ne ya kasance mai nuna fifikon ilimin su kuma koda an kafa manufofin, ɗalibi dole ne ya kasance mai shiga cikin kowane lokaci a cikin abin da ke faruwa a cikin wannan aikin koyarwar-koyarwa.
A halin yanzu da la'akari da cewa al'umma tana ci gaba ta hanyar tsallake-tsallake kuma cewa sabbin kafofin watsa labaru an haɗa su cikin koyarwa da kuma amfani da sabbin fasahohi, ya zama dole a sabunta kanta. A saboda wannan dalili, ana sanya bangarorin da suka shafi amfani da sabbin bayanai da fasahar sadarwa, lokacin da wasu sabbin samfuran da suka yi kama da juna saboda suna da manufa guda.