Ilimin halitta ilimin kimiyya ne mai matukar fadi, wanda ya hada da nazarin halittun duniya, walau dabbobi, kwari, tsirrai har ma da ita kanta halittar, suna bayyana halayensu ta kowane fanni, shi yasa yake bukatar goyon bayan kusan dukkanin sauran ilimin.
Daga cikin manyan ilimin kimiyyar da ke aiki tare da ilimin halittu za'a iya ambata, ilmin sunadarai, kimiyyar lissafi, labarin kasa, duban dan tayi, ilmin jikin mutum, ilmin dabbobi, tsirrai, da ƙari, waɗanda ke ba da cikakkun bayanai don ƙayyade abin da zai kasance fagen ilimin halittu.
Kodayake kowane bangare na ilimin kimiyyar ilimin kimiyyar halitta yana da nasa manufar, amma sun zama babban taimakon kimiyya a gare shi, saboda wannan ilimin ya shafi babban fagen karatu, amma kafin fara bayanin ilmomin da aka ambata, ya zama dole a fahimci ilimin halittu, kuma duk abin da kake karantawa.
Menene ilmin halitta?
Wannan ya hada da nazarin duk abin da ya shafi rayayyun halittu, dabi’unsu na yau da kullun, da kuma dabi’unsu na jima’i, mazaunin da ke kewaye da su da kuma yadda yake shafar su, da yadda ake hayayyafa, da yadda suke rayuwa.
Ilimin halittu yana kokarin fahimtar yadda jinsin halittu suke da alaƙa daban-daban da ma gaba ɗaya, don haka cimma buri, tabbatarwa da kuma tafiyar da dokokin rayuwar ɗan adam.
Wannan ya shafi babban yanki dangane da abin da yake karantawa, saboda wannan dalilin yana aiki tare da ƙididdigar ilimin kimiyya da yawa waɗanda ke taimaka ko tallafawa, saboda wannan binciken ya ƙunshi duk abubuwan haɗin da suka shafi rayayyun halittu da kuma yanayin gabaɗaya.
Akwai rassa da yawa na wannan ilimin, wadanda kusan su kebantattu ne a cikin sa, kamar ilimin kimiyyar halittar ruwa wanda ke da alhakin binciken halittun ruwa, da kuma duk yanayin su.
Kimiyyar Taimakawa na Ilimin Halittu
Kowannensu ya kware a batun kansa, mai zaman kansa ne kuma dan asalin, amma kuma hakan yana samar da mahimman bayanai ga kimiyyar halittu daban-daban, saboda gaskiyar cewa karatun da aka ambata suna da matukar muhimmanci ta fuskar ɗabi'a da ci gaba. karatun ilmin halitta.
Kodayake ana ɗaukan wasu daga waɗannan a matsayin rassan ilimin halittu, amma kuma an ƙaddara cewa suna da 'yanci, saboda wannan dalilin ana ɗaukar su a matsayin mataimakan ilimin kimiyyar halitta, wanda ana iya ambata masu zuwa.
Muhalli
Wannan yana da alhakin nazarin muhallin da muhallin da dukkan rayayyun halittu zasu iya rayuwa ko rashin wadatarwa, haɓakawa da haɓaka, hakan kuma yana haifar da abubuwan da zasu iya shafar ɗan adam, don samun jituwa tsakanin dukkan halittun da ke rayuwa.
Ya kamata a sani cewa babban dalilin da yasa aka fara binciken masanin kimiyyar halittu shine saboda matakan gurbatar da kwayar halittar ke fama dashi kuma saboda haka yana iya shafar ci gaban sa, da kuma juyin halitta da kuma mahimmin tsari na dukkan rayayyun halittu.
Ana nuna shi ta hanyar aiki tare tare da sauran ilimin kimiyyar ilimin kimiyyar halittu kamar su ilmin dabbobi da tsirrai.
Juyin halitta
Ana amfani da shi ne wajen nazarin asali, ci gaba da kuma canjin halittu, da sanin asalin su, da kuma yadda suka ci gaba tsawon shekaru, tare da daidaitawa da matakai daban-daban da ƙasa ta shiga, da kuma yadda ya shafe su.
Charles Darwin ya kasance mai share fagen wannan reshe na ilmin halitta, saboda ya gabatar da ka'idar juyin halitta, kwata-kwata ya canza hanyar tunanin al'umma game da asalin halittar mutum.
Wannan yana inganta tushensa fiye da komai a cikin binciken burbushin halittu, wanda yake tantance yadda jinsunan suke a baya, da kuma yadda wasu suke canzawa.
Tsarin gini
Kimiyyar kimiyya ce wacce aka kebanta da ita kuma ake amfani da ita akan tsarin kwayoyi da cigaban su, wanda yake da matukar dacewa dangane da karatun likitanci na dan adam, misali da shi an tantance yadda halittar DNA take, sunadarai, abubuwan da wasu kwayoyin sunadarai suke hadawa .
Wannan ilimin yana da matukar mahimmanci dangane da lafiyar mutane, domin da shi ake magance cututtuka kamar su kansar, za a iya samar dasu, bisa la’akari da kwayar halittar su, sannan kuma a samar musu da magunguna.
Ƙaddamarwa
Tana nazarin duk wani abu da ya shafi ci gaban halittu kamar yadda sunansa ya fada, yana mai da hankali kan yadda ake samar da kyallen takarda da gabobi a cikin tsarin ciki da kuma jikinsu, kuma suna ci gaba da lura da tsarin girma da tsufa.
System
An bayyana shi ta hanyar nazarin yanayin halittu, da canjinsu da kuma halittun da ke zaune a ciki, ta hanyar amfani da tsarin lissafi a matsayin babban tallafi, sanannen sanannen mawuyacin hali ne, wanda ya shafi kimiyyar ilmin kimiyyar ilmi da yawa.
Mutum
Tana nazarin duk halayen mutum, yanayin da zasu iya rayuwa ko rashin rayuwa a ciki, hanyar rayuwarsu da haɗarin da zasu iya shafar rayuwarsu gabaɗaya, karatu ne wanda yafi dogaro da ci gaban su a matsayinsu na masu rai ba akan tsarin kwayoyin su.
Wannan nau'in ilimin halittar yana mai da hankali ne kawai kan jinsin mutane, wanda yake da matukar dacewa dangane da abubuwan da zasu iya ko shafar su, kamar cututtuka, yanayin zafi mai yawa, halin zamantakewar su, da sauran abubuwa.
Marina
Yi nazarin duk abin da ya danganci halittun ruwa, na zahiri da na kwayar halitta, wannan a sarari ya shafi dabbobi da kuma fure.
An kuma sadaukar da shi ga nazarin yadda za a kula da muhallin tekun, da yadda abin ya same shi saboda sauyin yanayi, ko gurbatar yanayi.
Haihuwa
Ana kirga bambancin jinsin ne dangane da yanayin haihuwar da zai iya samu, kuma a kan wannan bangare ne wannan kimiyyar ta kafu, wacce za ta iya tantance ko jinsin ya yi yawa, ko kuma yana cikin hatsarin bacewa.
Anatomy
Yi nazarin yadda ake yin jiki, ko dai mutum ko kowane mai rai, yana bayanin ainihin wuraren, da kuma sunayen gabobi, ƙashi da kyallen takarda da suke da su.
Hakanan ya hada da nazarin aikin kowace kwaya gami da dukkan abubuwanda ke tattare da rayayyun halittu, domin kafa kurakuransu da yadda za a guje su.
Aerobiology
Tana nazarin rarrabawa da yaduwar kwayoyin halitta kamar su fungi, pollen, spores, da sauransu, da kuma halayen su, wanda ya taimaka wa kimiyyar likitanci yakar rashin lafiyar.
Botany
Nemi alaƙar tsirrai da wasu rayayyun halittu, da ci gaban su, samuwar su, canjin su, da ci gaban su a cikin muhalli, ta hanyar amfani da duk abin da nazarin halittu ya ƙunsa.
Tarihin rayuwa
Tana da alhakin nazarin yanayin ƙasa na rayayyun halittu, da asalin dalilin da yasa suke wurin, da kuma yadda yake canza su a zahiri.
Wannan yana buƙatar ilimin kimiyyar ilimin kimiyyar halitta kamar ilimin tsirrai, ilimin dabbobi, ilimin kimiyyar halittu da sauran rassa, don samun damar motsa jiki.
Kwayar cuta
Yana amfani da dukkan karatuttukan da wasu rassa na ilmin halitta a cikin duk abin da za'a iya kiransa ƙwayoyin cuta, wannan ya haɗa da yadda yake haifuwa, ci gaban sa a cikin muhalli, ƙirar kwayoyin sa, da sauransu.
Biophysics
Biophysics yana amfani da duk hanyoyin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi don ba da bayanai masu mahimmanci da mahimmanci ga ilimin halittu. Na ɗan lokaci ana ta muhawara kan cewa wannan reshe ne na ilmin halitta ko kimiyyar lissafi, tunda ana ganin yawancin matakai na zahiri a cikin wannan, amma suna nufin tallafawa ilimin halittu.
Ba tare da jinkiri ba, ana ɗaukar sa a matsayin mai taimakon kimiyyar halittu don sauƙin gaskiyar ba shi bayanai masu mahimmanci don nazarin sa.
Biochemistry
Tana nazarin sinadaran halittu masu rai, da kuma hanyoyin da kwayoyin su ke iya samu, kamar su metabolism misali. Wannan kimiyyar da aka sanar a matsayin reshen ilimin sunadarai, amma yana ci gaba da samar da bayanai masu amfani ga ilmin halitta.
Masana kimiyya
Ana amfani da shi ne wajen nazarin motsin rai, kimiyyar lissafi, juriya da daidaituwar jikin halittu masu rai, ana kiran wannan nau'ikan karatun kinematic da inji wanda aka gabatar cikin dabbobi, tsirrai ko kwayoyin.
Masana kimiyyar kere-kere sun dogara ne da ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da kuma ilimin kimiyyar jikin dan adam don nazarinsa, kodayake a halin yanzu yana da nasaba da ilimin bionics.
Ilimin kimiya
Yana yin nazarin ƙwayoyin halitta ne a matakan biochemical da na zahiri, kuma a matakan da suka fi na kwayoyin.
Ilimin dabbobi
Ya dogara ne akan amfani da dukkan sifofin binciken halittu ga dabbobi na kowane jinsi, ko dabbobi masu shayarwa, masu rarrafe, tsuntsaye da sauransu, sannan kuma sanin asalinsu da yadda suke rayuwa.
Ya kamata a sani cewa ana iya kara raba ilimin kimiyyar halittu, tare da kwarewar kowane daya daga cikinsu, misali a Zoology za ku iya samun rassa da ke nazarin wani nau'in halitta kamar su Herpetology da ke mai da hankali kan dabbobi masu rarrafe.
Ilimin halittu ya kuma kirkiro sabbin karatu tare da ci gaban fasaha, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a ciki a cikin rassa kamar su bionics, ko kuma ilimin kimiyyar kere-kere, wadanda suke amfani da ci gaban kere-kere a rayuwarsu.
Masana kimiyya
Yana da alhakin yin nazari da rarraba rayayyun halittu gwargwadon ayyukan da suke yi a wuraren da suke zaune da kuma yadda zasu iya shafar su.
Lafiyar Qasa
Tana nazarin alakar da mai rai zai iya kasancewa da muhalli, yadda rayuwarsu ke shafar ta, da fa'idodin da suke bayarwa da akasin haka, tare da mai da hankali kan gurbatar duniya da ke shafar dukkan mazaunan kowane nau'in duniya.
Ethology
Ya dogara ne akan nazarin ɗabi'a, halayya da dalilai na jinsuna daban-daban, a cikin mazauninsu, ko kuma a wuraren da aka kame su, kimiyyar taimako ce ta ilimin halittu wanda ya ƙunshi yawancin ilimin halayyar dan adam, kuma galibi ana yin sa ne tare da binciken yanki.
Epidemiology
Wannan ana yin shi ne ta hanyar nazarin yadda ake kirkirar cututtuka da kuma yadda suke yaduwa kai tsaye.
Halittu
Babban hadafin wannan ilimin shine samun bayanai kan kwayoyin halittar da suke hade da halittu masu rai, da kuma halayensu na gado, kamar su DNA wadanda ake yinsu ko kuma suka maimaita su daga zuriya zuwa zuriya.
A cikin mutane, kwayoyin halitta sun taimaka wajen tantance ko za a haifi jariri da halaye irin na uba, ko na uwa, saboda nazarin tsarin gadon kwayoyin halittu.
Bayani
Yi nazarin yadda halittu masu rai suka samo asali kuma suka samo asali, gwargwadon tsarin kwayar halittarsu, da kuma magabatansu masu yuwuwa waɗanda ke iya yuwuwa suyi karatu ta hanyar burbushin halittu.
Paleontology
Tana zurfafa nazarin burbushin halittu masu yuwuwar bacewa, wanda za'a iya yin nazarin dukkan abubuwanda ke ciki saboda yawan ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙananan halittu da ke cikin su.
Godiya ga wannan kimiyyar taimakon kimiyyar halittu, wanda kuma ya shafi ilimin geology, ya yiwu a iya tantance wasu halaye da hanyoyin rayuwa da tsoffin dabbobi irin su dinosaur suka mallaka.