Thermometry shine ke da alhakin auna zafin jiki a cikin tsari daban-daban, kuma horo ne na farkon abin da ya dace, tunda tun lokacin Hippocrates, a fannin likitanci, akwai wayewar kai game da zafin jikin, ta hanyar tabawa, kuma bisa ga abin da aka fahimta shine aka sanya shi a matsayin "zafi mai ɗumi" ko "zazzabi mai zafi". Koyaya, har sai lokacin da aka sami ci gaba na ma'aunin zafi da zafi, wanda Galileo Galilei, shekaru bayan haka, lokacin da wannan fanni na karatun ya bar ruwan masarufi, don ɗaukar matsayin kimiyya.
Dukanmu mun san ma'aunin zafi da zafi a matsayin kayan aiki don auna yanayin zafin jiki, da mahalli, amma Ta yaya yake aiki? Daga ina ma'aunin yanayin zafi ya fito? Amma kafin amsa waɗannan tambayoyin, yana da mahimmanci a bayyana ma'anar canjin da muke aunawa, a wannan yanayin, yanayin zafin.
Yanayin zafin jiki, babban mahimmin ma'aunin ma'aunin yanayin zafi
Lokacin sanya sunan kalmar zafin jiki, tabbas kunyi tunanin adadin zafin, duk da haka, abu na farko da zakuyi la'akari shine zafi ba iri daya bane da zafin jiki, kodayake tabbas, duk masu canjin suna da alaƙa da juna.
Heat shine adadin kuzari wanda canzawar sa yake da alaƙa da ɗan gajeren zafin jiki tsakanin tsarin biyu, wanda ke nufin cewa zafin jiki wani abu ne mai canzawa wanda yake ƙayyade zafi, amma ba zafin kansa bane. Yanayin zafin jiki yana tattare da kuzarin kuzari, wanda shine ma'anar motsi na ƙwayoyin a cikin tsarin, kuma har zuwa lokacin da akwai tashin hankali a cikin motsi na ƙwayoyin, mafi girma zai zama girman da abin da ake kira “ma'aunin ma'aunin zafi da zafi ke samarwa ”.
Ma'aunin zafi da sanyio, tushen yanayin zafi
Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, mahaliccin ma'aunin zafin jiki na farko shine Galileo Galilei, ƙirar wannan kayan aikin ya dogara ne akan haɗuwa da bututun gilashi na tsaye, wanda aka rufe a ƙarshen duka, yana ɗauke da ruwa wanda a ciki an rufe duniyoyin gilasai da yawa., Tare da ruwa mai launi ciki Wannan ya ba da damar yin rikodin farko na bambancin zafin jiki da za a yi. Ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi a wannan ma'aunin ma'aunin zafi na farko shine ruwa, duk da haka, daga baya an maye gurbinsa da giya, tun da ruwa a yanayin ƙanƙancin yanayi ya kai wani wuri mai daskarewa, kuma yayin da yanayin yanayi ya bambanta, ana rikodin hawa da sauka a cikin matakin ruwa, ba tare da Wannan zai nuna a bambanci a cikin zafin jiki
Tsakanin 1611 da 1613. Santorio ya haɗu da sikelin lamba zuwa kayan aikin Galileo. Koyaya, har yanzu wannan kayan aikin bai ba da cikakken sakamako ba, tunda ruwa mai auna yana da saukin yanayi. A cikin shekara ta 1714, Daniel Fahrenheit ya sanya mercury a cikin ma'aunin.
Amfani da merkury yana wakiltar babban ci gaba a daidaitaccen kayan aikin, tunda yana da babban haɓaka na faɗaɗawa, rikicewar da yanayin zafin jiki ya haifar ya zama abin godiya cikin sauƙi.
Tsarin aiki na ma'aunin zafi da sanyio
Lokacin da bangarori biyu na tsarin suka sadu, abin da za'a iya tsammani shi ne cewa bambance-bambance na faruwa a cikin kaddarorin biyu, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da wani abu na canja wurin zafi tsakanin su. Yanayin da dole ne a cika don tsarin ya kasance cikin daidaitaccen yanayin zafi sune waɗannan masu zuwa:
- Kada a yi musayar zafi tsakanin ɓangarorin da abin ya shafa
- Babu ɗayan abubuwan da ke dogaro da zafin jiki da zai bambanta.
Ma'aunin zafi da sanyio yana aiki a ƙarƙashin Ka'idar thermodynamics, wanda ke sanya daidaituwa tsakanin masu canji biyu a cikin ma'aunin zafi. Wanne yana nufin cewa mercury, a matsayin ruwa mai saukin kamuwa da canjin yanayin zafin jiki, lokacin shigar daidaituwa tare da jiki ko matsakaici, wanda muke son sanin ƙimar zafin nasa, yana ɗaukar ƙimar zafin nasa.
Ci gaban ma'aunin yanayin zafi
Kamar yadda muka ambata a baya, mai hangen nesa na farko na buƙatar kafa ma'aunin ma'auni a cikin kayan aikin Galileo shine Santorio, wanda ya kafa sikelin lamba ba tare da wata ma'ana ta zahiri ba. Koyaya, wannan taron yana da mahimmancin gaske wajen haɓaka abin da muka sani yanzu a matsayin ma'aunin ma'aunin yanayin zafi.
Darajar Rømer
Rømer ma'auni ne wanda ya danganci daskarewa da tafasasshen ruwan gishiri. Wannan sikelin a halin yanzu ana amfani dashi, saboda baya samar da cikakken sakamako.
Fahrenheit sikelin
Daniel Fahrenheit ya kasance mai kera kayan kimiyyar kere-kere wanda ya kirkiro ma'aunin ma'aunin ma'aunin giya a shekarar 1709, sannan kuma shekaru bayan haka zaiyi farkon ma'aunin ma'aunin zafi da zafi. Wannan mai kirkirar asalin asalin Bajamushe, ya haɓaka sikelin yanayin zafin yanayi, wanda ke ɗauke da sunansa, wanda ke da halaye masu zuwa:
- Ba shi da kyawawan dabi'u, tunda a wancan lokacin babu wasu ra'ayi game da yanayin zafi da ke ƙasa da 0, saboda wannan dalili, tafasasshen ruwa yana faruwa a 212ºF, kuma daskarewarsa a 32ºF.
- Yana da kyau sosai, tunda yana dogara ne akan abubuwan lura a cikin ma'aunin ma'aunin zafi na Mercury, abu mai kusan fadada iri ɗaya a wannan yanayin zafin.
- Tare da ma'aunin zafi da sanayya daidai, Fahrenheit ya auna bambancin a cikin tafasasshen zafin ruwan da ke ƙarƙashin yanayin matsi na yanayi, kuma ya sami damar tabbatar da cewa yanayin tafasa sifa ce ta kowane abu mai ruwa.
- Amfani da shi ya bazu a ƙasashe irin su Amurka da Ingila.
Celsius sikelin
Daga cikin ma'aunin yanayin zafi, wannan ya sami babban shahara a lokacinsa. An ƙirƙira shi a cikin 1742 ta Sweden Astronomer Andrés Celsius, wanda ya haɓaka ta ta hanyar ɗaukar daskarewa na ruwa azaman ƙimar ƙasa da kuma tafasasshen ma'anar matsayin matsakaicin darajar. Celsius yayi jerin rarrabuwa 100 tsakanin waɗannan maki biyu.
Ba kamar sauran ma'aunin ba, centigrade yana aiki tare da kammala karatun 100, kuma an fadada amfani da shi don amfanin gida, tunda a fagen ilimin kimiyya an fi son amfani da cikakken ma'aunin Kelvin.
Cikakkar sikelin
Ana kiran wannan sikelin "cikakke", wanda ke nuna kimar cikakkar sifili, kuma mahimmancinsa ya ta'allaka ne da wannan bangare, tunda bai dogara da maƙasudin daidaitaccen ra'ayi ba, sai dai ya gabatar da zafin jiki a matsayin bayanin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta., Samun ƙimar a daidai inda aka tsayar da daina motsi.
Yana da mahimmanci a nuna cewa wannan yanayin yana da alaƙa da sikelin Celsius, tunda duka biyun suna ɗaukar digiri na 100.
Matsayin Rankine
A cikin 1859, injiniya William Rankine, ya gabatar da wannan sikelin, wanda yake da alaƙa da digiri na Fahrenheit, tunda shi ke daukar nauyin karatun iri ɗaya, amma wannan sikelin ya haɗa da kasancewar cikakkiyar sifili. A cikin kwatancen, ana iya cewa dangantakar Celsius-Kelvin iri ɗaya ce da Fahrenheit-Rankine.
Canzawa tsakanin ma'aunin ma'aunin zafi da sanyio
Yin amfani da jujjuyawar yana da mahimmanci a fagen magance matsaloli, an tabbatar da gaskiyar cewa ba za mu iya tara masu canji na yanayi daban-daban ba. Kuma saboda nau'ikan ilimin daban-daban ana iya kulawa dasu dangane da ma'aunin yanayin zafi daban-daban, an kulla alaƙar da ke ba da damar sauya dabi'u.
- Fahrenheit (ºF) - Rankine (ºR)
ºF = ºR- 460
- Celsius (ºC) - Kelvin (ºK)
ºC = ºK- 273
- Celsius (ºC) - Fahrenheit (ºF)
ºC = (-F-32) / 1,8