Manyan marubutan 28 da suka shahara a harkar soyayya

"Romanism" ana ɗaukarsa a zaman ƙungiyar al'adu da ta faru a ƙarshen ƙarni na XNUMX a Unitedasar Ingila da Jamus, waɗanda ke da manufar yaƙi da neoclassicism da hankali wanda aka ɗora a cikin zanen fasaha, don yin hakan . fifita ji sama da sauran.

Wannan motsi ba wai kawai ya sami babban tasiri a duk kasashen Turai ba, har ma ya isa nahiyar ta Amurka inda aka karbe shi hannu biyu-biyu kuma yawancin masu fasahar adabi, zane-zane da kade-kade na lokacin suka karbe shi. Saboda haka, akwai adadi mai yawa da marubuta iri-iri na soyayya.

Harkar wallafe-wallafe Romanticism

Ana iya cewa abin da ake kira Romanism shine motsi na al'adu. Ya bayyana a karo na farko a ƙarshen karni na XNUMX, don karya abin da Neoclassicism ya ambata kuma zaɓi hanyar kariya ga jin daɗi.

A karni na sha bakwai ya bayyana a karon farko a Ingila, kodayake za a fassara shi da wani abu mara gaskiya. A gefe guda, a cikin Jamus an fassara shi azaman na da. Kowace ƙasa ta ba ta wata ma'ana amma gaskiya ne cewa duk da bambancin ra'ayi da farko, ƙungiya ce ta al'adu ta farko da ta mamaye duk Turai. Ya samo asali ne daga Faransa, da Spain, Jamus ko United Kingdom don karya tare da tsayayyun ra'ayoyi da neman 'yanci.

An ce daga baya, za a iya bayyana ma'anar Romanism a matsayin waccan hanyar jin ta cikin mawuyacin hali, zuwa ga kai ko zuwa ga ɗabi'a. Ci gabansa a cikin Spain ya ɗan kasance kaɗan kaɗan kuma a takaice, amma mai ƙarfi. Babban lokacin da yake shine tsakanin shekaru 1800 da 1850.

Halaye na Romanticism:

• Sun kare 'yanci da kuma aikin da ba a kammala ba.
• Akwai ƙimar da ta fi wannan ra'ayin da ya bambanta da na kowa.
• Irƙira ya yi sarauta kafin kwaikwayo.
• Jaddada na mutum da batun kai tsaye.
• A cikin ayyukan da za a fahimci jin daɗi game da abin ban al'ajabi ko na sihiri.
• Tunanin soyayyar soyayya zai kauce ma al'ummar da yake rayuwa a ciki.

Menene marubutan soyayya?

Gustavo Adolfo Becquer

Mawaki kuma mai ba da labari wanda aka haifa a Spain a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 1836 kuma wanda ya mutu ta tarin fuka a ranar 22 ga Disamba, 1870. Mahaifinsa mai zane ne (José Domínguez Insausti) da mahaifiyarsa Joaquina Bastida Vargas.

Gustavo sananne ne a rayuwa, amma har zuwa rasuwarsa ayyukansa sun shahara. Daga cikin mafi shahararrun akwai wadanda aka samu a "Waƙoƙi da Tatsuniyoyi”, Tunda su ne abin binciken abubuwan adabin da ke magana da Mutanen Espanya.

Kodayake marubuci ne na wasu nasarori a rayuwa, ba tare da wata shakka ba, duk manyan abubuwan da ya fahimta sun taso ne bayan mutuwarsa. Mafi sanannun aiki shine 'Waƙoƙi da Tatsuniyoyi'. Aungiyoyin labarai ne waɗanda suka haɗu don ba da rai ga ɗayan manyan littattafan adabinmu. Tun yana ƙarami, ya zaɓi yin zane kamar ɗan'uwansa. Ya kasance marayu ƙarami sosai kuma ya tafi ya zauna tare da wata mahaifiyarsa. Kodayake wannan gaskiyar za ta nuna halinsa wanda koyaushe ke nuna rashin tsammani. Legends, gidan wasan kwaikwayo da sauran labarai koyaushe zasu kasance cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar babban aikinsa.

Labari mai dangantaka:

Yankuna 30 na Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer wanda zai sanya ku ji daɗin musamman

Jose de Espronceda

Mawakin Mutanen Espanya yayi la'akari da mafi wakilin wakilin zamanin Romantic a Spain. An haife shi a ranar 25 ga Maris, 1808 kuma ya mutu yana da shekara 34 a cikin 1842 daga cutar diphtheria. Malaminsa shi ne sanannen mawaƙi Alberto Lista.

Daga cikin ayyukansa mun sami littafin da bai cika ba "El Palayo" da kuma wani littafin da ake kira "Sancho Saldaña". Koyaya, wakokinsa sun fi tasiri bayan ƙaddamar da ƙarar a cikin 1840 wanda aka bi da jigogi na al'ada na soyayya; wadanda suka shahara sune "Dalibin Salamanca" da "El Diablo Mundo", da "Canto a Teresa" da "Canción del pirata".

Mariano Jose de Larra

Shima ɗayan shahararrun marubutan Sifan ne na soyayya, tare da Bécquer da Espronceda. An haifeshi a shekara ta 1809 kuma ya mutu a 1837, wanda marubuci ne, dan siyasa kuma dan jarida. Ayyukan Mariano José de Larra sune:

• Macias.
• Theungiyar Don Enrique mai baƙin ciki.
• Idaya Fernán González da keɓewar Castilla.

Ya rubuta labarai fiye da 200, don haka ya gabatar da nau'ikan rubutun. Ya kamata a ambata cewa wani lokacin shima ya buga ta wasu takamaiman labaran karya kamar: Figaro, Duende ko Bachelor. Spain za ta kasance cibiyar aikinsa, ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba. Tare da Espronceda ko Bécquer, ya kasance ɗayan mahimman lambobi na Romanticism.

Ubangiji bryron

Daya daga cikin fitattun mawallafa na zamani a duk duniya da kuma cikin al'adun Ingilishi, tunda shi mawaƙin Ingilishi ne wanda, baya ga yin waka, kuma ana masa kallon mashahuri a zamaninsa saboda kyawawan halaye da ɗabi'unsa. An haifeshi a 1788 a Landan kuma ya mutu a Girka a 1824.

Ya kasance marubucin adadi mai yawa na ayyuka, kamar su Aiki Hours, The Bride of Abydos, The Giaour, Lara, Hebrew Melodies, The Kewaye na Koranti, Kayinu, The Bronze Age, Don Juan, da sauransu.

Victor Hugo

Victor Hugo na ɗaya daga cikin sanannun mawaƙan, marubuta da kuma marubutan wasan kwaikwayo na lokacinAn haifi Victor, dan asalin kasar Faransa, a shekarar 1802 a birnin Paris kuma ya mutu a shekarar 1885 a wannan garin. Bugu da kari, shi ma dan siyasa ne kuma mai fada a ji a lokacin.

Ayyukansa suna da banbanci sosai saboda duk wuraren da mai zane ya ci gaba, kamar:

A matsayinsa na marubucin marubuci ya wallafa ayyuka tara (kamar su Kwakwal-Jargal, Tasa'in da Uku, Uwargidanmu ta Faris, Ma'aikatan Teku da Mutumin Dariya); yayin da yake mawaki ya wallafa ayyuka sama da 15, kamar su "Kabari da fure" da "Wanda ke kauna baya rayuwa."

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Johann marubucin wasan kwaikwayo ne, marubuci, marubuci kuma masanin kimiyya an haife shi a Jamus a shekara ta 1749, wanda ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya yana da shekaru 82 a 1832. Wannan kuma shine ɗayan mafi wakilin motsawar soyayya da na Jamusawa, tunda kwayar halittar da ke kula da yada al'adun wannan kasar a duk duniya, ta dauki sunan Goethe a matsayin sunanta.

A gefe guda, ayyukansa sun zama abin ƙarfafa ga sauran masu fasaha da yawa. Daga cikinsu, ɗayan mashahurai shine "Wilhelm Meister", kodayake kuma ana iya samun wasu da yawa kamar "Faust" da "Shayari da Gaskiya"; alhali shi ma marubucin "Ka'idar Launuka."

Jorge Ishaku

Mawallafin marubuci kuma mawaki daga Colombia, wanda aka haifa a 1837 kuma ya mutu da zazzaɓin cizon sauro a 1895. Yana ɗaya daga cikin marubutan soyayya na Latin Amurka, wanda ya wallafa ayyuka biyu da suka sa shi farin jini. Na farko shi ne littafin wakoki da aka buga a 1864; yayin da na biyun shine littafin labari María, wanda ya buga a 1867 kuma yana da fassarar cikin harsuna sama da talatin.

Esteban Echeverria

Hakanan ɗayan marubutan Latin Amurka na motsi. Esteban Echeverría ya kasance Mawaki kuma marubuci ɗan ƙasar Argentina an haife shi a shekara ta 1805, wanda ya mutu daga cutar sankarar bargo a cikin 1851. Wannan wani ɓangare ne na sanannun "Zamanin 37".

Babban ayyukansa sune "Mayanka"(Labarin ɗan Argentina na farko inda ake amfani da haƙiƙanci),"Gurguzu na Gurguzu"(Ya yi aiki don ƙirƙirar tsarin mulki na 1853) da"Kamammu".

Marya Shelley

An san ta a yankuna daban-daban saboda gudummawar da ta bayar a matsayinta na masanin falsafar Burtaniya, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, mai ba da labari da kuma marubuta rubutu. An haife shi a Landan a shekara ta 1791 kuma ya mutu a 1851 daga cutar ƙwaƙwalwa.

Daga cikin mafi kyawun aikinsa yana yiwuwa a nemo Shayari ta Percy Bysshe Shelley, Falkner, Lodore, Mutumin Na ,arshe, Wakokin Bayanin Daga Percy Bysshe Shelley, Mathilda, a tsakanin wasu.

Jose Marmara

Har ila yau a tsakanin Latin Amurkawa mun sami wakilin marubuci kamar José Mármol, ɗan ƙasar Ajantina wanda aka haifa a 1817 kuma ya mutu a 1871, wanda ɗan siyasa ne, mai ba da labari, ɗan jarida da mawaƙi na lokacin kuma yana cikin ƙungiyar.

da ayyukan soyayya Mafi shaharar José sune: a matsayin mawaki, littafin "Cantos del peregrino" da "Poesías" ko "Harmonías"; yayin da yake cikin wasan kwaikwayo ya tsaya wajan "El cruzado" da "El poeta".

Alexandre Dumas

Har ila yau an san shi da Alexander Dumas, shi marubucin wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma marubucin littafin asalin asalin Faransa, wanda aka haifa a 1802 kuma ya mutu a 1870 saboda bugun jini. Ayyukansa sun banbanta tunda yayi a nau'uka daban-daban kamar su takaice, yara, ban tsoro, litattafan tarihi, da sauransu.

Za mu iya zaɓar cikin su duka "Rai wanda ba a haifa ba", "Tafiya zuwa Wata", "Sarkin Bowling", "Musketeers uku", "Countididdigar Montecristo", "Countididdigar Hermann" da "Cristina ”.

Giacomo Leopardi

Yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan soyayya a Italiya, haifaffen wannan yankin a cikin 1798 kuma ya mutu da cutar kwalara a 1837 yana ɗan shekara 38. Giacomo yayi aiki a matsayin masanin falsafa, masani, mawaƙi, kuma masanin ilimin ɗan adam.

Mafi mahimmancin aikinsa a cikin shayari shine littafin "Canzoni" wanda aka buga a 1824; kodayake tarin waƙinsa na biyu da ake kira "Versi", wanda aka buga shi a 1826, shi ma ya yi fice.

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Kamar Lord Bryan da William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) na ɗaya daga cikin fitattun marubutan adabi a Ingila a zamanin Soyayya da yau; wanda ya kasance mai suka, mawaƙi, falsafa kuma babban aboki na Wordsworth.

A cikin waƙoƙi ya yi fice tare da "Lyrical Ballands", wanda ya sami "Malamar Dare"Kuma" Waƙar tsohon mai jirgin ruwa. " Hakanan Christabel da "waƙoƙin Tattaunawa"; yayin da shi ma ya yi fice a cikin sauran nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo kamar wasan kwaikwayo, karin magana da wani aiki da ake kira "Biographia literaria" inda ya nuna kwarewarsa a rassa daban-daban.

Francois-Rene de Chateaubriand

Wani jami'in diflomasiyya, marubuci kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan asalin Faransa wanda aka haifa a 1768 kuma ya mutu a 1848, wanda shine Viscount na Chateaubriand. A cewar masana, yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar a Faransa, wacce ta sanya shi a cikin manyan marubutan soyayya.

Daga cikin ayyukansa zamu samu Atalá, René, Les Martyrs, Essai sur les révolutions, Mémoires d'outr-tombe da Vie de Rancé.

Walter scott

Wani marubuci dan kasar Scotland kuma mawaki wanda aka san shi da gudummawa ga romantism na soyayya, wanda kuma ya sami nasarar tallata ayyukansa a sassa da yawa na duniya kuma don haka ya sami amincewar duniya; wani abu da bai zama gama gari ba a wannan lokacin.

Kodayake ya shahara sosai a lokacinsa, a yau ba ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka fi sani da su ba, amma har yanzu yana da tsofaffi waɗanda ba za a iya mantawa da su ba. Daga cikinsu zamu samu Zuciyar Midlothian ó Ivanhoe, alal misali.

William Wordsworth

Bayan kasancewarsa ɗaya daga cikin fitattun marubutan motsi, babban gudummawar da ya bayar ita ce ta hanyar waƙoƙi; dalilin da yasa aka dauke shi daya daga cikin mahimman mahimmanci kuma wakili mawaƙan Turanci na soyayya. An haifi William Wordsworth a 1770 kuma ya mutu a 1850 yana da shekaru 80.

Ayyukansa sun yi fice ga wasu halaye, kamar mahallin, haruffa, jigogi, yare, da sauransu; wanda za'a iya gani a shahararrun ayyukansa kamar Mai Kaɗaita Kadaici, Gabatarwa, Na Baci Cikin Kadaici Kamar Gizagizai, Tebur Sun Zuba da ƙari da yawa.

William Blake

Ya kasance game da ɗan zanen Ingilishi da kuma mawaƙi wanda aka haifa a Landan a 1757 kuma ya mutu a 1827, wanda ba a san shi ba a lokacinsa amma wanda tsawon shekaru ya sami karɓuwa sosai; ana la'akari da shi a yau a cikin mafi kyawun masu fasahar Burtaniya.

Ayyukansa na waƙoƙi sun kasance ana misaltawa, wanda bai ba shi damar da ya cancanta ba; har zuwa yau za mu iya haɗawa da zane-zane biyu don fahimtar da godiya ga ayyukansa da idanu daban-daban. Daga cikin hasken litattafan da muka samu Duk Addinai Daya ne, daga cikin marasa wayewa shine "Rubutun Waka"Kuma a ƙarshe, a cikin misalan waɗanda muka samo"Tunanin dare", Wanda Edward Young ya rubuta.

Oscar daji

Wani mawaƙi ɗan Ireland, marubuci kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, wanda aka haifa a 1854 kuma ya mutu a 1900 yana ɗan shekara 46. Ya yi amfani da ginshiƙan soyayya don zuwa ga sauran rassa, kamar su ado; Kuma banda haka, ya kuma sami rayuwa ta biyu saboda sha'awar jima'i.

Daga cikin fitattun ayyukansa mun sami sanannen littafin tarihin nan "Hoton Dorian Gray", "Mahimmancin a kira shi Ernesto" da "Miji Mai Inganci", da kuma sabbin wallafe-wallafensa "De Profundis" da "The Balld of Reading", wanda ya rubuta a kurkuku.

John Keats

An haifeshi ne a Landan a shekara ta 1795 kuma ya mutu a Rome a 1821, wanda ya kasance mawaƙin Biritaniya wanda yana cikin manyan marubutan tarihin soyayya. Duk da kawai yana rayuwa shekaru 25, ya ba da gudummawa sosai mahimman ayyuka ga adabin turanci, inda ya rubuta mafi kyau jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarsa daga tarin fuka.

Daga cikin ayyukansa mun sami "Endymion: wani waƙar soyayya", "Hyperion", "The Shining Star", "Lamia da sauran waƙoƙi", da sauransu.

Edgar Allan Poe

Daya daga cikin sanannun shahararrun marubutan soyayya. Edgar Allan poe ya kasance marubuci Ba'amurke, mai sukar ra'ayi, mawaƙi, kuma ɗan jarida. Ya shahara don ba da gudummawarsa ga gajerun labaru, littattafan gothic, labaran ban tsoro, da labarai masu bincike.

Ayyukansa sun bambanta sosai, daga cikinsu akwai Catanyen baƙar fata, rijiyar, Pendulum, Laifukan Rue Morge, Hoton oval, Zuciyar faɗi, da sauransu.

Emily Bronte

Marubuciyar Burtaniya (1818-1848) ta amince da aikinta na "Wuthering Heights", wanda wani bangare ne na kayan adabin Ingilishi. Ta yi amfani da sunan karya tare da 'yan uwanta mata don boye jinsinsu, tunda a wancan lokacin ya fi mata wuya su gane aikinsu.

Friedrich Schiller

Wani masanin falsafa, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, mawaƙi, kuma masanin tarihi wanda aka haifeshi a Jamus a shekarar 1759, wanda ya mutu da cutar tarin fuka a shekara ta 1805 yana da shekaru 45. Yana daya daga cikin shahararrun marubutan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin ƙasa da movementaunar Romantic, kamar Goethe. Bayan wannan, wakokin nasa suna daga cikin fitattun mutane a duniya.

Ayyukansa sun haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo kamar "Kabale und Liebe", ƙananan ayyuka kamar "Murabus" da rubuce-rubuce na falsafa kamar "Anmut und Würde".

Alessandro manzoni

Mai ba da labari kuma mawaƙi an haife shi a Italiya a shekara ta 1785, wanda ya mutu a ƙasar guda yana da shekara 88 a 1873 sakamakon sankarau. Wannan ɗayan sanannen sananne ne a cikin adabin Italiyanci, saboda ɗayan littattafansa

tarihi "Amarya da ango."

Litattafan Jane Austen

Marubucin litattafan Burtaniya wanda aka haifa a 1775 da Steventon, wanda ya mutu sakamakon cutar tarin fuka a 1817. Har ila yau ɗayan ɗayan litattafan adabin Ingilishi da marubuta masu nuni na Romanticism.

Daga cikin fitattun littattafansa mun sami "Alfahari da Son Zuciya", "Emma" da "Ji da hankali"; yayin da wasu ayyukan kamar "Lady Susan" ko "Los Watson" suka sami shahara.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Daya daga cikin manyan marubutan preromanticism, wanda aka haifa a 1712 kuma ya mutu a 1778 yana da shekara 66. Ya kasance malamin koyarwa na Switzerland, mawaƙa, masanin ilimin tsirrai, marubuci da masanin ƙasa.

Daga cikin manyan wallafe-wallafensa mun samo "Yarjejeniyar zamantakewar jama'a", "Tattaunawa kan asalin rashin daidaito tsakanin maza", "Julia ko sabon Eloisa" da "Emilio, ko Ilimi".

Heinrich Heine

An haifeshi a Paris a shekara ta 1797 kuma ya mutu a 1856. Ana masa ɗayan mahimman mawaƙa na lokacin. Zai yiwu, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, saboda an ce shi ne mawaki na ƙarshe na soyayya. Yayi matukar nasara tare da shi 'Littafin waƙoƙi'.

A lokacin rayuwar marubucin, ya sadu da bugu 12. An ce bayan shi, ya ba da waƙa tare da yare mai mahimmanci. Hakanan rayuwarsa ta sadaukar da kansa ga siyasa, aikin jarida da kuma makaloli. Gaskiya ne cewa banda aikinsa, ana cewa yana da rayuwa mai kaɗaici.

Novalis 

Wani sunan kuma dole ne a ambata shi ne Novalis. Marubucin, Georg Philipp Friedrich von Hardenberg ne ya karɓa. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin wakilan farkon soyayyar soyayya. An haife shi a 1772 kuma ya mutu a 1801. Daga cikin ayyukan sa zamu iya haskaka 'Waƙoƙin zuwa dare' da gutsuttsarin 'Polen da Imani da'auna'.

Ya kuma rubuta a tarin wakoki wadanda taken su na addini ne kuma ya bar wasu ayyukan da basu cika ba da makaloli biyu. Jigogin da ya fi so suna da yanayi a matsayin jarumi ko kuma nazarin ma'adanai, tun da aikinsa ya mai da hankali kan kasancewa mai duba mahakar gishirin.

Karin de Musset

Marubuci ne ɗan ƙasar Faransa wanda aka haifa a 1810 kuma ya mutu a 1857. Baya ga kasancewa marubuci kuma yana cikin shaƙatawa, bai rasa sha'awar karatun likitanci ba, haka kuma zane ko doka. An ce yana ɗaya daga cikin na farko da ya ɗauki ƙawancen soyayya. Fitattun wakokinsa sune 'Rolla da Daren Hudu'. 'Los caprichos de Mariana' ko 'Las castañas del fuego' su ma wasu ayyukan nasa ne.

Waɗannan su ne wasu shahararrun marubutan soyayya na lokacin, waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa matuka ga ci gaban adabi tare da gudummawar manyan ayyuka kamar waɗanda aka ambata a cikin ɗayansu.

Manyan ayyuka na soyayya 

• litattafan: Mariano José de Larra tare da labaran jarida kamar 'Aure ba da daɗewa ba kuma mummunan'. 'Les miserables' na Víctor Hugo da gajerun labarai na Edgar Allan Poe wasu misalai ne da za a yi la'akari da su kamar 'The musketeers uku' ko 'The count of Monte Cristo' na Alecandre Dumas.
• Mawaƙa: José de Espronceda da 'Dalibin Salamanca'. An yi la'akari da ɗayan mafi kyawun waƙoƙi. Ya dogara ne akan batun Don Juan, inda aka ba da labarin Felix da Elvira. Bécquer's 'Rimas' wani ɗayan manyan abubuwan gado ne na ismarancin soyayya.
• Teatro (wasan kwaikwayo): Ba tare da wata shakka ba, dole ne mu ambaci José Zorrilla da aikinsa 'Don Juan Tenorio'. Yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimmancin wasan kwaikwayo. Da kuma Larra da aikinsa 'Macías'.

Idan kuna son ba da gudummawar abubuwan da suka shafi marubuci ko ambaton wanda muka manta, kuna da 'yanci yin hakan ta hanyar tsokaci. Idan kana so, zaka iya karanta wasu daga cikin baitocin soyayya karin wakilci kuma zaku sami a cikin mahaɗin da muka bar ku yanzu.