Rayayyun halittu suna buƙatar samarwa da kansu kuzari don aiwatar da duk ayyukan su na asali, girma, numfashi, haifuwa, dss. Ana samun wannan kuzarin ne ta hanyar abubuwan gina jiki, duk da haka, ba duk mai rai yake kama makamashin da ake buƙata ba a hanya guda, suna samunta ne ta hanyoyi daban-daban, ya danganta da kasancewar su masu kerawa, masu amfani ko masu ruɓuwa. Ta wannan hanyar, an kafa dukkanin jerin alaƙar ƙawance waɗanda aka sani da alaƙar trophic ko matakan trophic. Ta wannan hanyar, ana samar da kwararar abinci mai gina jiki wanda ke bada tabbaci kan wadatarwa da yaduwar abubuwan da suke da mahimmanci don kiyaye rayuwa a doron kasa.
Da zarar an fahimci duk waɗannan bambance-bambance, bari mu ci gaba don bayyana menene matakan trophic. Matakan trophic ba komai bane face kowane ɗayan halittu daban-daban, an rarrabe su gwargwadon yadda suke samun kayan abinci. Hakanan matakan trophic sune, dangantakar abinci da aka kafa tsakanin ƙwayoyin cuta kuma ke ba da izinin tsarawa da rarraba kowane rukuni na mutane, gwargwadon yadda suke samun abubuwan gina jiki.
Tabbatar da matsayin matakan trophic
Mutane daban-daban waɗanda suka haɗu da al'umma, dangane da nau'in abincin da suke buƙata, ana haɗasu kamar haka:
Mataki na farko (furodusoshi)
A wannan matakin mun sami waɗancan mutane suna iya yin abincinsu, ma'ana, samarwa ko ƙarancin halittu. Wadannan kwayoyin suna da ikon kai tsaye kama makamashi daga tushen farko, rana. Kwayoyin halittun Autotrophic suna da fifikon amfani da kasancewar carbon dioxide, ruwa, sauran ma'adanai da hasken rana don haɗa abubuwan haɗin mahallin su: carbohydrates, ta hanyar hotynthesis. Tsire-tsire, algae, da microananan orananan photosan ƙwayoyi suna cikin wannan rukunin. Abincin da suka samar na iya amfani dashi, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, ta sauran kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsarin halittu. Organirƙirar ƙwayoyin halitta sune matakin trophic ƙananan, sune tushen da tushen matakan sama suke. Su kadai ne wadanda, ta hanyar hotunan hoto, Suna da damar ɗaukar makamashin hasken rana da canza shi zuwa makamashin sunadarai.
Mataki na biyu (Masu Amfani)
A wannan matakin mun sami masu amfani na farko. Wannan rukunin ya kunshi duk wasu mutane wadanda suke samun kayan abinci daga wurin masu samarwa, ma'ana, suna ciyar da bangarorin kayan lambu kamar: ganye, furanni da 'ya'yan itace.Wadannan kuma ana kiransu herbivores. Organwayoyin da ke cinyewa suna da haɗari, suna ƙera ƙwayoyin halittarsu daga ƙwayoyin halittar da ke zuwa daga sauran rayayyun halittu, shi ya sa ake kiransu masu amfani. Suna kuma masu sarrafawa (suna yin nasu kwayoyin halitta), amma ba haka bane furodusoshi na farko. Hakanan, mabukata na iya zama tushen asalin kwayoyin ga sauran masu sayayyar da suke ciyar dasu.
Mataki na uku (masu amfani da sakandare)
Wannan rukuni ya ƙunshi masu amfani da sakandare waɗanda ke ciyar da kai tsaye daga masu amfani na farko. Ana kuma kiransu masu cin nama. Masu amfani da sikandire suma sun banbanta da irin abincin da suke ci.
- Zakuna da damisa suna farautar zakunan dawa, impalas, barewa, da sauran ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa don abinci.
- Macizai, gabaɗaya, suna ciyar da ƙananan beraye, amphibians, da ƙwai tsuntsaye.
- Tsuntsaye, irin su shaho, mujiya, da gaggafa, suna cin macizai da kadangaru. Yayinda karami da yawa kanana suke cin larbae da kuma tsutsar ciki.
- Gizo-gizo na kama ƙananan kwari, kamar ƙuda da kwari.
- A cikin tekun wasu dabbobi, kamar su shark da whale, suna cin ƙananan kifi.
Mataki na hudu
Masu amfani da manyan makarantu ko mafi girma. Suna ciyar da masu amfani da sakandare. Su manyan mahauta ne waɗanda ke ciyar da masu amfani da farko (shuke-shuke) da sakandare (dabbobi). Ana kuma kiran su masu farauta.
Matsakaicin juyawa (bazuwar)
Bazuwar kwayoyin halitta, kamar yadda sunan su ya nuna, suna aiwatar da ayyukansu akan tarkace, ragowar shuke-shuke da suka mutu, gawawwakin dabbobi, da dai sauransu, don haka su sami kuzarin da suke bukatar rayuwa. A wannan matakin, zamu sami fungi da ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda suke lalata kwayoyin halittar matattun mutane zuwa abubuwan ma'adinai. Yawancin fungi masu yaduwa sune saprophytes; a cikinsu muna da kunnen sanda, ɗan gwari mai ɗan kaza, kayan burodi da naman kaza. Sakamakon bazuwar, ana sakin carbon dioxide a cikin sararin samaniya kuma ana fitar da ma'adanai kamar alli, potassium, phosphorus da nitrogen, da sauransu a cikin ƙasa, a cikin ruwa. sun kasance suna gina kwayar halitta, nama, tarkace, da sauransu. Ta wannan hanyar, an kammala zagaye na abubuwan gina jiki da carbon dioxide, kuma duk abubuwan suna da 'yanci don komawa ga masu kera kuma suna ci gaba kamar haka, sake zagayowar bayan sake zagayowar. Oxygen wani bangare ne mai mahimmanci don kwayoyin halitta, ana fitar da shi ta hanyar masu kera shi a hotoynthesis kuma an kama su da kansu, ta masu amfani da masu lalata kayan, a cikin numfashi na salula. Masu bazuwar sune babbar hanyar haɗi don ci gaba da zagayowar biogeochemical, tunda idan basu ruɓe da kwayar halittar ba, zata kasance cikin tarko, wanda ba zai sake haɗuwa da ita ta hanyar ƙwayoyin rai. Ta wannan hanyar, da kadan kaɗan abubuwan gina jiki zasu ɓace, kuma tare da su masu samarwa: kuma tare da su kwayoyin masu cin abinci. A gefe guda kuma, akwai dabbobi, kamar ungulu, da zamuro, da kura, da sauransu, wadanda, duk da cewa suna cin kwayoyin, sun hada kai da masu lalata kayan don kawar da ragowar dabbobi tunda wadannan dabbobin suna cin naman mushen ne kawai. . Wannan wani matsakaici ne, ta hanyar da abubuwan gina jiki ke kewaya ta matakan trophic a cikin yanayin halittu.
Flowarfin makamashi
Ba dukkan kwayoyin halitta bane suke da ikon daukar makamashin rana da canza shi zuwa makamashin sunadarai daga abinci, don halittu masu rai su cika muhimman ayyukansu. Masu kerawa sune kaɗai ke iya samar da kuzarin rana ga sauran nau'ikan halittu masu rayuwa. Daga gare su kuzari ke gudana ba tare da kwatance ba zuwa ga masu amfani da kuma bazuwar da ke cikin jerin kayan abinci. Tsarin halittu na kuzari yana nufin wucewar kuzarin sinadaran da ke cikin abinci, daga ƙananan matakan trophic, inda masu kera suke, zuwa matakan trophic mafi girma waɗanda masu amfani suka mamaye.
Ba a sake yin amfani da makamashi ba
Adadin kuzarin da aka sauya tsakanin matakan trophic zuwa wani yana wakiltar kusan kashi 10% na wadataccen makamashi, wanda ke haifar da gazawa mai tsanani dangane da adadin da girman kwayoyin da zasu iya zama wani sashi na sarkar mahaifa kashi 90% na ragowar makamashin da ba a sauyawa ba , batacce ne azaman zafi kuma baza'a iya sake amfani dashi ba. Wannan yana haifar da kuzari, sabanin abu, ba mai iya dawo da shi ba. Sabili da haka, shigar da makamashi a cikin al'umman halitta ya zama dole don tabbatar da ci gaban wanzuwarsa. Yayinda masu kera wannan aikin suke amfani dashi daga Rana, ana gane waɗannan ƙwayoyin azaman ginshiƙan al'umma da tsarin halittu.
An sake yin amfani da kayan abu
Al'amarin da rayayyun halittu suke amfani da shi ya fito ne daga ƙasa, iska da ruwa. A cikin dukkan ma'amaloli masu ma'amala, ban da makamashi, ana sauya kwayoyin halitta daga wannan matakin zuwa wancan. Amma al'amari sabanin makamashi idan aka sake yin amfani da shi. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda hanyoyin sarrafa hotuna da numfashi wanda ke sake yin amfani da oxygen, hydrogen da carbon zuwa iska da ruwa da kuma kasancewar masu lalata abubuwa wadanda suke sake amfani da wasu abubuwa na ma'adinai zuwa kasa kuma su basu damar amfani dasu kuma, saboda haka rufe sake zagayowar kwayoyin halitta.