Muna lura akai-akai cewa akwai mutane da keɓaɓɓun ƙwarewa, wanda ke basu damar ƙirƙirar abubuwa, samun samfuran da / ko samar da mafita ga buƙatu daban-daban ko matsaloli a rayuwa. Kowannensu yayi daban, kuma wannan zai dogara ne akan hanyar da suke kerawa. Don ƙarin sani game da wannan batun, za mu bayyana a cikin labarin mai zuwa wasu nau'ikan kerawa waɗanda marubuta daban-daban suka tayar a yankin.
Menene nau'ikan kerawa?
Canirƙirar ƙira za a iya bayyana azaman tsari wanda ɗaiɗaikun mutane, dangane da jin wahayi na kwatsam, ke da ikon haɓaka takamaiman samfurin; ko kawai isa ga mafita ga halin da ake ciki ta amfani da ilimin ka da ƙwarewar ka.
Iko ne mai zurfin karatu, ba wai kawai daga mahangar tunanin mutum ba, amma kuma samar dashi da yawan aikace-aikace mara iyaka a bangaren kimiyya. Daidai saboda wannan dalilin an dauke shi azaman tsari, samfuri da ingancin da aka samu daga takamaiman mahallin da mutum ya sami kansa; Bugu da kari, kuma a matsayin halayyar sifa ce ta mutum guda.
Ana iya rarraba wannan ta hanyoyi daban-daban bisa ga marubuta daban-daban da ra'ayoyin da aka ɗauka zuwa yanzu; amma daga gaba daya, akwai uku nau'ikan kerawa aka bayyana a kasa:
Tsarin al'ada
Abu daya ne wanda ra'ayoyi ke tasowa don nazarin yanayi daban-daban, da warware su. Wannan shine ɗayan mafi ƙimar daraja a fagen aiki, tunda shine wanda ke haifar da ingantaccen aiki dangane da farashi da fa'idodi.
Binciken kerawa
Creativityirƙirar bincike shine ɗayan wanda ra'ayoyin da suka samo asali basu da alaƙa da takamaiman buƙata ko matsala. Koyaya, wannan ba iyakancewa bane, tunda idan manufar tunani shine samar da mafita, za'a iya bincika hanyoyi daban-daban don aiwatar dashi. Daidai ne saboda wannan dalili aka tabbatar da cewa wannan nau'in kerawa yana haifar da alakar ilimin da ake da shi.
Byirƙira kwatsam
Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, a wannan yanayin ana aiwatar da ayyukan kirkira ba tare da tsammani ba, wanda ya haifar da samfuran da aka karɓa sosai. Misali na irin wannan yanayin ya fahimta ga waɗanda aka sani da "serendipity".
Accordingirƙira bisa ga marubuta daban-daban
1. Nau'in kerawa bisa ga Maslow
A cewar Maslow akwai nau'ikan kirkira guda biyu: na farko da na sakandare. Dukansu ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin mahimman abubuwa masu mahimmanci, waɗanda duk da kasancewar dalilai daban-daban suna motsa su, sun ƙare da dacewa ko haɗuwa a cikin tsari ɗaya.
Halittar farko
Creativityirƙiri na farko yana haɗuwa kai tsaye tare da aiwatar da m wahayi. An bayyana shi da rashin daidaito da haɓakawa, kuma ana haɓaka shi akai-akai tare da abubuwan biki; Watau, dabi'a ce ta musamman kuma ta musamman a cikin kowane mutum.
Kerawa ta biyu
Kirkire na biyu shine wanda ake aiwatar da ayyukan wahayi da halitta cikin tsari mai sarrafawa, don fallasa takamaiman samfurin ƙarshe. Wannan yana da alaƙa da buƙatar ɗimbin shirye-shirye da ƙoƙari, a cikin cikakken aikin horo da sadaukarwa.
2. accordingirƙira bisa ga Jeff DeGraff
A nasa bangaren, farfesa kuma mai bincike Jeff DeGraff ya banbanta nau'ikan kere-kere guda biyar daga mahangar masu binciken: kwaikwaiyo, misalai, bisociative, labari da kuma ilhama.
Mimicry
Definedirƙirar keɓaɓɓu an bayyana shi azaman ikon ƙirƙira daga abin da ya riga ya kasance. Wato, abin da aka samu daga wannan aikin zai zama sakamakon kwaikwayo ko kwafin wani abu wanda an rigaya an san shi, saboda haka matakin rikitarwarsa yayi ƙasa sosai.
Karin maganar "mimetic" ta fito ne daga kalmar "mimesis", ana amfani da ita don nuna kwaikwayon wasu. Wannan shine ɗayan mafi kyawun nau'ikan kerawa, tunda baya buƙatar shiri kuma dabbobi ma zasu iya haɓaka shi. A zahiri, a fagen ilimantarwa ana amfani dashi ko'ina don iya amfani da fasahohi daban-daban ko ilimin da aka samu a cikin wani fanni a cikin wasu.
Analog
Oneaya ne wanda ra'ayoyin da suke tasowa sakamakon misalai daban-daban, waɗanda aka samo daga alaƙar ilimin da aka samu. Wannan yana nufin cewa don fahimtar waɗancan abubuwan da ba a san su ba, mutum yakan koma ga waɗanda suka sani; Ta hanyar kwatantawa bisa kamanceceniya da kamanceceniya, yana yiwuwa a narkar da sabon bayanin.
Bisociative
La bisociative kerawa Abu daya ne wanda aka hada ra'ayoyi mabambanta guda biyu, wanda ke haifar da kirkirar wani abu ko magance shi. An bayyana shi da yanayin ruwa, sassauci da yawo, kalmomi uku suka zama cikin wanda aka sani da 3F. Wadannan suna ba da shawarar cewa bisociation ana aiwatar dashi ta hanyar haduwa da ra'ayoyi mabanbanta, wanda za'a iya tsara shi ta hanyar dabara a wani bangare a cikin aikin, wanda zai zama mai dadi ga mutum kuma zai ba da damar kwararar iri daya don samun sakamakon.
Mai ba da labari
Yana nufin takamaiman ikon mutum don ƙirƙirar labarai. Don yin wannan, yana amfani da haɗin abubuwa daban-daban waɗanda suka ƙunshi labari, kamar haruffa, mahalli, ayyuka, lokaci, nau'in mai ba da labarin, da wasu albarkatu kamar tattaunawa, kwatanci da kyakkyawan darasin nahawu.
Ilhama
Oneaya ne wanda ra'ayoyin da suka samo asali basu dogara da hotunan da suka gabata ba ko ilimi, don haka suna buƙatar ɗimbin damar nunin abu.
Creativityirƙirar kirkirar ƙira ƙira ce mai matukar amfani don magance matsaloli, tunda yana ba da damar haɓaka ra'ayoyi bisa ƙa'idar cewa kowane yanayi yana da mafita, kuma an iyakance iyakokin, da azanci da aka kafa daga ilimin da ake da shi gaba ɗaya.
Wannan yana daya daga cikin nau'ikan kerawa wadanda za'a iya motsa su ko haɓaka ta hanyar yin zuzzurfan tunani da yoga, tunda suna haɓaka tsarkakewar tunani da farkawar hankali.
3. Halitta a cewar Edward Taylor
Alfred Edward Taylor, a nasa bangaren, ya gabatar da hanyoyi guda biyar da ake nuna kere-kere a cikin mutum:
Mai bayyanawa
Shine wanda yake bayyana kansa a shekarun farko na rayuwa, saboda haka yana da halaye na asali, ma'ana, ya haɗa da iyawar kowane mutum. Da shi ne daidai za a iya haɓaka wasu ƙwarewar.
Mai amfani
Wannan ɗayan nau'ikan kerawa ne wanda aka sani da yanayin amfani, tunda hakan yana haifar da haɓaka ƙwarewa, wanda zai bambanta mutum.
Wanda ya kirkira
Oneaya ne wanda ra'ayoyin da aka kirkira suka taso daga amfani da ƙwarewa da ilimin da aka riga aka samo a baya, a hanyar asali.
Bidi'a
Definedirƙirar kirkirar kirkirarru an bayyana ta azaman wanda ke da girman ƙira, wanda ke ba da damar gyaggyarawa, haɓakawa ko ƙirƙirar sabon tsari a fannin kimiyya da fasaha.
Gaggawa
A cewar Taylor, yayi kamanceceniya da rabe-raben Degraff, yana mai cewa samar da kere-kere yana daya daga cikin hadaddun abubuwa, tunda hakan yana haifar da cigaban sabbin ka'idoji, tushe da tunani. A dabi'ance, waɗannan matakan basu fahimta ba ta sauran matakan da aka bayyana, tunda an rabu dashi daga hotunan saiti.
4. accordingirƙira bisa ga Joy P. Guilford
A ƙarshe, Joy P. Guilford ya gabatar da bambancin kerawa daga Degraff da Taylor.
Phylogenetics
Shin hakan halayya da rinjaye kerawa a cikin kowane mutum, kuma ana bayyana hakan kuma ana haɓaka shi da kansa daga nau'in horon da suka samu.
Mai yiwuwa
Yana da alaƙa da tsarin ilimin halittar jiki, shi ne wanda ya samo asali daga ƙwarewa ko ƙwarewar kowane mutum, waɗanda ke samar da damar su. Abun kirkira mai yuwuwa shine ke ba da damar alaƙar mutum da mahalli, sabili da haka, canzawarsa.
Gaskiya
Tana bayyana kanta a ƙarshen tsarin ƙirƙirarwa, don haka ana iya bayyana ta azaman magana ko samfurin sa. Yana da alaƙa sosai da nau'in motsi.
Kinetics
Kamar yadda sunan yake, yana nuna motsi. Creativityirƙirar motsa jiki shine wanda yake nuna kanta a cikin tsarin ƙirƙirar.
Kamar yadda ya kasance mai yiwuwa a bayyana, tsarin halittar yana bukatar amfani da kayan aiki na kwakwalwa daban-daban (duk da cewa wadannan galibi suna da nasaba ne da bangaren dama na kwakwalwa); waɗanda aka haɓaka ta wata hanya ta musamman a cikin kowane mutum. Fahimtarsa da amfani da shi a fagen ilimi, aiki ko na sirri na buƙatar cikakken nazari game da su, kuma wannan shine mahimmancin sanin hanyoyi daban-daban da za'a iya aiwatar da shi.