Namomin kaza sune kwayoyin halitta na masarauta Fungi, wanda ya hada da nau'ikan fungi sama da 100.000, kuma a tsakanin bangarorinsa na yau da kullun ana iya ambata cewa basa samar da chlorophyll, ana basu thalus (kayan karya), gaba daya filamentous da rassa, wanda ake amfani dashi don karbar abubuwan gina jiki daga muhalli, nau'ikan halittu ne masu girman gaske kuma ana yin haifuwarsu ta hanyar motsa jiki (asexual). An bayyana mazaunan fungal a matsayin tsarin ciyayi saboda sun haɗu da ƙwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke shiga cikin haɓaka da haɓaka.
Sun kasance wani ɓangare na ɓangaren lalatawa, wanda ke rayar da rayuwa, tunda ta hanyar haifar da bazuwar halittu masu rai, suna ba da damar abubuwan gina jiki da suka makale a cikin kyallen takarda don sake zagayawa cikin ci gaba da sake rayuwa. Ta hanyar aikinsa, ana fitar da carbon a cikin yanayi a cikin sigar carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen a cikin hanyar nitrous oxide (N2O) ko kuma kwayoyin nitrogen (N2), a cikin wannan aikin sakin ma'adanai ga ƙasa shima yana faruwa a cikin nau'in ions.
Halaye na gama gari a cikin kowane nau'in fungi
Kamar shuke-shuke, kowane nau'in fungi ne kwayoyin eukaryotic, wanda ke nufin cewa kwayar halittar kwayar halittar su tana dauke ne a cikin membranes. Koyaya, fungi suna da halaye masu haɗuwa waɗanda ke sanya su a cikin masarauta daban.
Fungi galibinsu suna da yawa kuma suna dauke da dogayen filoli, da aka sani da hyphae, a kira ganuwar ciki septa, wanda ya raba su zuwa sel, wadannan sifofi galibi suna da rami na tsakiya wanda yake da girma don ba da damar motsi da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Su kwayoyin halitta ne, duk da haka suna da wata hanya ta musamman ta samun kayan abincin su, tunda kawai suna shan abinci ne da zarar ya lalace ta hanyar aikinta zuwa kwayoyin halitta masu sauki, wadanda suke tsallake membrane din ta hanyar wata hanyar yadawa wanda suke shiga sunadaran safarar su.
Haɗuwa da halaye masu alaƙa da ilimin halittar jiki da haɓaka nau'ikan fungi ya banbanta su da sauran kwayoyin, daga cikinsu zamu iya ambata:
- Wataƙila sun samo asali ne daga fitattun mutane.
- Ba su da motsi, ma'ana, ba za su iya motsawa yadda suke so ba.
- Wadannan kwayoyin suna ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwa tare da sauran hukumomi, misali daga cikinsu akwai lichens, sakamakon ƙungiyoyi na fungi tare da algae ko ƙwayoyin cuta masu daukar hoto. Hakanan sanannun fungi wanda ke haifar da haɗin kai tare da kwari suma sanannu ne.
- Tare da kwayoyin cuta suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bazuwar kwayoyin halitta.
- Fungi na aiwatar da bazuwar ta hanyar fitar da enzymes wadanda zasu lalata hadaddun kwayoyin, canza su zuwa sauki kwayoyin, wanda mai matsakaita zai iya cinye su cikin sauki.
- Dumi da danshi suna ƙarfafa haɓakar su.
- Fungi suna da mahimmiyar rawa a cikin masana'antar abinci, tunda suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da burodi (ee, yisti gwari ne), suma suna taka rawa a cikin tsarin cukuɗuwar cuku ("shudi " na shuɗi mai laushi muna bin sa bashin aikin waɗannan ƙwayoyin).
San nau'ikan namomin kaza
Akwai sharuɗɗan rarrabuwa da yawa, duk da haka, idan aka yi la'akari da ma'aunin gargajiya za mu iya cewa ana rarraba kayan gwari musamman la'akari da masarautun da suke ciki:
1. Mulkin Fungi
Jinsunan da ke da ma'anar tsarin rayuwa suna cikin ɗayan waɗannan kalmomin huɗu: Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota da Basidiomycota.
Phylum Chytridiomycota
Jinsuna 700 wadanda suke wani bangare na wannan matakin sune nau'ikan fungi wadanda suke gabatar da kwayoyin flagellate a kowane mataki na rayuwarsu, samar da spores da gametes wadanda ke motsa su ta hanyar flagella. Suna haɓaka hanyoyi masu mahimmanci masu mahimmanci na ƙwayoyin cuta da enzymes, kuma suna da sauran halayen fungal waɗanda aka bayyana a sama. An hada su da sifofin sihiri. Mafi yawan lokuta, suna rayuwa ne a matsayin kwandon ruwa a cikin ruwa mai dadi, akan ganye, rassan, ko matattun dabbobi. Sauran nau'ikan halittun ruwa ne, wasu kuma suna rayuwa ne a doron kasa. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin suna da alhakin cutar wart scabies, cuta mai tsanani wacce ke afkawa tubers.
Phylum Zygomycota
Wannan nau'in yana haifar da nau'ikan lalacewa mai laushi cikin 'ya'yan itace da fewan cututtukan parasitic a cikin dabbobi. Fiye da nau'ikan 1.000 aka gano a cikin wannan rukunin, wanda jinsin ke haifar da hawan jini da zama cikin matattun shuke-shuke da dabbobi, da ma duk wani abu mai kama da taki. Hakanan suna haɓaka dangantakar ƙarshe-Symbiotic a cikin ɓangaren narkewar abinci na wasu cututtukan mahaifa.
Phylum Ascomycota
A cikin wannan nau'ikan akwai wadanda suke rayuwa kai tsaye, akwai kusan 30.000, da kuma kusan 60.000, idan mutum yayi la'akari da wadanda suke bangaren layin. Wadannan nau'ikan sunaye ne saboda, sabanin sauran, suna nuna fifikon ci gaban su a muhallin da basu da danshi, shi yasa ake iya samun su a cikin busasshiyar kasa. Ascomycetes kunshi yawa fungiYawancin yisti da shuɗi masu launin shuɗi, kore, ruwan hoda, da launin ruwan kasa waɗanda galibi suke girma a kan abinci mai ƙarancin abinci suna cikin wannan rukunin.
Phylum Basidiomycota
Wannan rukuni ya ƙunshi nau'ikan namomin kaza da ake ci sama da 14.000, namomin kaza masu dafi, zafin nama, da naman kaza. Jinsunan da a cikin harshe mai ma'ana galibi ake kira namomin kaza, namomin kaza ko ma namomin kaza ya dace. Naman kaza shine bayyanuwar jikin 'ya'yan itace wanda ke fitowa daga kasa kuma hakan yana faruwa yayin wani bangare na rayuwar gwari. Fiye da 90% na ƙarar naman gwari na iya kasancewa a ɓoye cikin sifar haploid mycelia na nau'ikan haɗin kai. Waɗannan nau'ikan kuma ana rarraba su cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi 5:
- boletales: Sun haɗa da nau'ikan naman kaza waɗanda naman kaza ke da ƙafa da huluna da nasu hymenophore (wanda yake ƙarƙashin hular) an ƙirƙira shi ta bututu da pores wanda zai iya rabuwa da naman hat. Misalan nau'ikan mallakar wannan rukunin rukuni: Paxillis, Gomphidius, Hygrophoropsis.
- Tsinkaya: Ya haɗa da namomin kaza na yau da kullun tare da tushe, hat, hymenophore da nama mai nama.
- Rasha: Kamar yadda yake game da agaricales namomin kaza, wadannan nau'ikan suna da madaidaicin kwalliya da ƙafa, faranti a ƙarƙashin murfin, amma naman yana taɓarɓarewa, hatsi, na daidaito kama da rigar alli.
- Abubuwan hawa: Naman gwari tare da namomin kaza masu siffofi daban-daban (mace, ta'aziyya, rassa) suna nan.
- Gasterals: Su fungi ne ko namomin kaza waɗanda yawanci kewaya da fata mai juriya ko kayan aikin da ake kira lokaciYawancin lokaci suna da siffofi na duniya, kololuwa ko pear.
2. Masarautar Stramenopila
Phylum Oomycota
Ya ƙunshi nau'ikan fungi na ruwa da fure masu laushi, waɗanda yawanci sune saprophytic, nau'ikan ruwa ko na ƙasa, amma, ana iya samun nau'in nau'in parasitic.
Mafi hadaddun kwayoyin wannan rukunin an kafa su azaman kwayoyin halittar parasitic, wadanda suke gudanar da cikakken tsarin rayuwar su a cikin mahalarta, wanda iska ke dauke da tsarin jigilar kayayyaki don tarwatsewar kwayoyin halittar su. Nau'in wannan rukuni, a matsayin samfurin menenes asexual haifuwa matakaiSuna kirkirar spores flagellate spores, rasa katangar tantanin halitta kuma suna da flagella biyu, bulala mai santsi daya gemu. A nata bangaren, haihuwar jima'i na faruwa ne saboda yawan aure, wanda shine nau'in saduwa da gametangial. Ana jujjuyawar halittar mahaifa ta miji kai tsaye ta cikin hujin da ke wurin tuntuɓar ko ta hanyar haɓakar tubular da ake kira bututun hadi. Da zarar an dauke gamete, anterryl ya tarwatse, kuma bayan hadi, daya ko fiye da zaigogwa zasu zama juriya da ake kira amai.
Phylum Hyphochitridiomycota
Wannan rukunin ya kunshi na ruwa, ruwa mai danshi da fungi na ruwa, kwayoyin cutar algae da fungi, kuma a wasu lokuta ta hanyar nau'ikan saprophytic. Suna da sel masu motsi tare da tutar guda daya, wacce aka dasa masu gemu, da bangon kwayoyi wadanda suke dauke da sinadarin chitin, ko kuma wani lokacin cellulose. A cikin waɗannan kwayoyin babu sanannun hanyoyin haɓakar jima'i; a wasu lokuta, an san spores na juriya.
Phylum Labyrinthulomycota
Wannan ya kasance jinsin halitta wanda ba a san shi sosai ba, kuma waɗanda aka yi nazarin galibi nau'ikan teku ne. Matsakaicin ciyayin yana wakiltar hadawar mixamebae, kuma don samar da sinadarin juzu'i, mixameba ya tara a bangarori daban-daban na pseudoplasmodium kuma ya kara girma, don haka sai ya kewaye kansu da wani abu mai danshi da rarraba. Ta wannan hanyar ne ake samar da wuraren shakatawa. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan ɗakunan ajiya sun yi iyo har sai sun sami maƙwabcin da yake kamuwa da su bayan sun rasa flagella.
3. Masarautar Protista
Groupungiyar rukuni ne, kuma kamar yadda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan jinsuna da yawa bazai yuwu a kafa halaye waɗanda zasu iya bayyana ko rarrabe su gabaɗaya ba, shi yasa a ma'anarta zamuyi rarrabuwa mai zuwa bisa ga babban "Phylum" cewa shirya su:
Phylum Plasmodiophoromycota
Son parasitic fungi na algae da tsire-tsire jijiyoyin jini. Plasmodia mai cin ganyayyaki na iya zama mai amfani da ruwa ko difloma, kuma yana girma a cikin kwayoyin mai gida. Kari akan haka, suna samar da kwayoyin motsa jiki wanda bangon kwayar su yafi chitin.
Phylum Dictyosteliomycota
Wadannan nau'ikan dichthyostelid slime fungi sunada yawa a taki, kasar gona, da kayan shuka masu lalacewa. Ba kasafai ake lura da su a cikin yanayin ba yayin da ake keɓe su na minti kaɗan kuma ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Thallus yana wakiltar amoeba mai yaduwa ba tare da bangon kwayar halitta wanda ke shayar da kwayar cuta ta hanyar phagocytosis ba. Suna da halin tarawar amoebae a cikin pseudoplasmodium.
Phylum Acrasiomycota
Membobin wannan rukuni suna da halin gaskiyar cewa a cikin yanayin ciyayi an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar tara kwayoyin halittun da ba su da rauni ba wadanda ke kula da kuma nuna su abinci mai gina jiki. Ana iya samun su a cikin ƙasa mai cike da humus na filaye da gandun daji na budurwa da kuma bishiyoyi. Ba su da ƙwayoyin halitta masu sassauƙa kuma abubuwan haɓaka suna da daɗi sosai.
Phylum Myxomycota
Nau'ikan naman gwari sun zama fage, amma rashin katangar kwayar halitta kuma jiki babban adadi ne na protoplasm tare da juzu'I na 'yan santimita mai ɗari wanda ya ƙunshi ɗari ko miliyoyin nuclei. za su iya motsawa a kan abubuwan kwalliya, kamar amoeba, da narkar da sinadarai daga cikin kwayar yayin da take tafiya. Wannan hanyar cinye kwayar halitta ba abune mai yiwuwa ba a cikin gaskiya ko samuwar fungi saboda katangar kwayar halittansu ba ta da tsauri.
Akwai rabe-raben da bai dace da su ba ma'aunin gargajiya dangane da launin da aka gani ta hanyar madubin hangen nesa na fungal spores.
- Leukospore: A cikin wannan rukuni akwai waɗanda ke nuna launi tsakanin sautunan fari da cream. Misali: Lepiota, Lactarius da Cantharellus.
- Melanosporos: Bakar fata. Misali: Panaeolus.
- Rhodosporos: Canza launi a cikin launuka masu ruwan hoda. Misali: Pluteus, Entoloma da Clitopilus.
- Ianthinosporeos: Launin Violet. Misali: Stropharia, hypholoma
- Chlorosporeos: Ganyen fure. Misali: Chlorophyllum.
Asalin fungi
Akwai hujja cewa halittun farko na halittu masu halaye iri daya tare da fungi an kirkiresu kimanin shekaru miliyan 540 da suka gabata, daidai da lokacin Cambrian.
Dayawa basu sani ba menene muhimmancin fungi a yanayin juyin halitta, Koyaya, isa ya faɗi mafi yawa masana sun yi la’akari da cewa kayan gwari su ne masomin ci gaban kwayar halitta da yawa, halayyar da ta ba da damar ci gaba da kyallen takarda da gabobin jiki wadanda ke tattare da hadadden kwayoyin halitta kamar tsirrai da dabbobi. Baya ga wannan, akwai bayanan da ke nuna hakan fungi sune farkon kwayoyin halitta wanda ya fito daga ruwan da aka haife rai don cin nasara da babban yankin, yana ba da damar kafa tsire-tsire na ƙasa.
Nazarin bayanan nasu ya zama da wahala saboda gaskiyar cewa fungi suna da jiki masu taushi wadanda basa yin burbushin halittu da kyau, amma duk da haka aikin ci gaba mai zurfin karatu dangane da jerin amino acid din na sama da sunadarai 100 wadanda suka saba da fungi, tsirrai da Dabbobi suna nuni. cewa fungi ya bayyana a matsayin masarauta, kimanin shekaru biliyan 1.500 da suka gabata, kuma an yi amannar cewa fungi na farko sun kasance na cikin ruwa.
A cikin mahalli na halitta, yanayin haɓakar fungi ya sanya su zama masu mulkin mallaka mafi inganci, watakila saboda wannan dalilin ne asalinsu ya samo asali ne tun suna ƙanana a doron ƙasa, kuma tare da ƙarancin lokaci juyin halittar jinsin ya haifar a bayyanar nau'ikan fungi da yawa, don haka ne rarrabuwa da jinsinsu ya yadu sosai.