Idan muka koma ga kwakwalwar mutum, gaba daya zamuyi tunanin cewa ya kunshi layu ne wanda yake tantance namu tunani da hankali. To wannan gaskiya ne kawai cikin ƙaramin kashi.
Kwakwalwar mutum tayi sama da 80.000 miliyan neurons, amma wannan adadi yana wakiltar kashi 15% ne kawai na duka kwayoyin gabobin da suka hada shi.
Sel da aikinsu a jikin mutum
Sauran kashi 85% ya kunshi wasu kwayoyin halittar da ake kira glial cells, wadanda ke da alhakin samar da wani abu da ake kira glia wanda ya kai dukkan bangarorin tsarin jijiyoyin.
Kwayoyin Glial suna da alhakin taimakawa masu amfani da jijiyoyi a cikin aikin su na yada tasirin lantarki ta hanyar tsarin juyayi. Kwayoyin Glial suna da alhakin samar da abubuwan gina jiki, kula da tsari ko hanzarta gudanar da jijiyoyin kansa, gyara lalacewa da bayar da kuzari ga jijiyoyi.
Daga cikin wadannan kwayoyi masu yawa da ake samu a kwakwalwa, wanda ake kira oligodarinkarin saboda ikonta na samar da kwanson myelin na axons na tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya.
- Myelin kwayar lipoprotein ce wacce ke ba da damar faɗaɗa tasirin aiki a cikin lokaci da nesa. Suna kiyaye axon daga tasirin wutar lantarki ta hanyar yin ta hanya kuma yana hana yaduwarsa ta cikin membraal membrane.
- Oligodendrocytes, Kwayoyin Schwann, astrocytes da microglia sune azuzuwan mahimmin aji huɗu na ƙwayoyin jini.
Kwayoyin Schwann
Su kadai ne ake samu a jijiyoyin da ke gudana a cikin jiki duka. (Tsarin jijiyoyin jiki). Wasu irin kwalliyar kwalliyar lu'u-lu'u ne wadanda ake hada su da lu'u lu'u myelin
Suna iya rarrabe da "Sashin ci gaban jijiya" (NCF), kwayar da ke motsa ci gaban neuronal yayin ci gaba.
Kwayoyin Schwann sune ke da alhakin samuwar myelin a cikin tsarin juyayi na gefe. Kwayoyin Schwann suna hade a kusa da axon daya ta hanyar cytoplasm.
Astrocytes
Kwayoyin halitta ne da suke kusa da jijiyoyi, suna da kyan gani a cikin su, sun fi girma girma idan aka kwatanta da jijiyoyi, ana samun su a cikin tsarin mai juyayi na tsakiya (CNS) kuma ta jijiyar ido.
Astrocytes Wasu irin sojoji ne wadanda suke mambobi ne na shingen jini-kwakwalwa (BBB), wanda membraine mai kariya na CNS wanda aikinsa baya barin jini ya gudana kai tsaye cikinsa.
Astrocytes suna da alhakin tace abin da zai iya faruwa ko ba zai faru da CNS ba. Suna ba da izinin shigarwar oxygen da glucose; kayan abinci na jijiyoyi.
Microglia
Rukunan sel ne ke samar da tushen garkuwar kwakwalwa. Saboda Bar-Brain Barrier baya bada izinin sakin ƙwayoyin sel na tsarin garkuwar jiki, ƙwaƙwalwa tana da nata tsarin kariya kuma waɗannan ƙwayoyin sune sojoji masu kariya.
Babban aikin wadannan kwayayen shine karewa da gyara kwakwalwa daga raunin da kwayoyin cuta suka mamaye, tarkacen kwayar halitta, da cuta.
Suna kullun CNS don alamun lalacewa, ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta. Suna da hankali ga mahalli kuma suna iya gano ƙananan canje-canje a cikin ƙirar halittar ƙwayar nama. Kwayoyin suna bincikar CNS don ganowa da kuma kawar da duk wani ɓaɓɓake, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) gutsutsure, ƙwaƙƙwan ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin da suka mutu, ƙwayoyin da suka lalace, da kayan ƙasashen waje. Ana iya ɗaukarsu a matsayin matan gidan ƙwaƙwalwa ta hanyar tsabtace ƙwayoyin salula.
Oligodendrocytes
Nau'in kwayar halitta ce ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar ɗakunan mayaƙan myelin waɗanda ke kewaye da axons na tsarin juyayi na tsakiya. Suna cikin kwakwalwa kawai kuma a cikin ƙashi (CNS). Suna da matakai da yawa waɗanda ke lulluɓe a kan kushin ƙananan jijiyoyi daban-daban.
Sheunkunan myelin da aka ƙirƙira a kusa da axons na jijiyoyin an yi niyyar ware su da haɓaka saurin aikawar abubuwan lantarki.
An ƙirƙira wannan haɓaka a cikin medulla kashin baya kusan mako 16 na rayuwar cikin mahaifa kuma yana cigaba bayan haihuwa har sai kusan kusan dukkan zaren jijiya suna aiki yayin da yaro ya fara tafiya. Koda a cikin balagar mutum, oligodendrocytes suna ci gaba da haifuwa daga ƙwayoyin sel.
Nau'in oligodendrocytes
Oligodendrocytes ana iya rarraba shi ta hanyar ayyukansu, kodayake a tsarin tsari da ƙwayoyin halitta suna kama da juna. Akwai manyan nau'ikan guda biyu: masu ma'amala da tauraron dan adam.
- da interfascicular oligodendrocytesSu ke da alhakin samuwar kwasfa ta myelin, suna cikin bangaren farin kwayoyin halitta.
- da tauraron dan adam oligodendrocytes, suna cikin wani ɓangare na launin toka, ba su ne masu samar da myelin ba, ba sa bin ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma ba sa yin aikin keɓewa. Ayyukanta ba a sani ba.
Ayyuka
Tunda ba a san ainihin menene ayyukan tauraron ɗan adam oligodendrocytes ba, kawai za mu shiga cikin bayanin ayyukan waɗanda ke tsakanin su ne.
Hanyar watsa hanzari
Gudun abubuwan da ake yi na ƙaruwa yana ƙaruwa lokacin da aka sanya bakin gatari. El gyara tsarin aiki hormonal da murdede an yi falala a kansu kafin isasshen rudani na gudanarwar jijiyoyin jiki. Hakanan aikin waɗannan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta suna da fifikon hankali.
Kwayar membrane
Keɓewa da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta daga yanayin muhalli na ƙwayoyin halitta yana hana ion kwarara ta cikin membrane ɗin.
Tsarin tsarin mai juyayi
Tunda jijiyoyin basa iya yi aikin su kadai, ƙwayoyin glial, musamman ma oligodendrocytes na tsakiya, suna da alhakin tallafawa tsarin haɗin yanar gizo.
Tallafi don ci gaban jijiyoyi
Oligodendrocytes sune masu samar da furotin wanda, a cikin hulɗar su da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, yana sa su ci gaba da aiki, don haka hana mutuwar kwayar halitta.
Ostarin gida mai yaduwar ruwa
Dukda cewa tauraron dan adam oligodendrocytes ba shi da cikakken aiki, suna da mahimmanci don kula da ma'aunin gida na yanayin muhallin mahaɗan da ke kusa da su.
Cututtukan da ke hade da myelin
Ciwon Miller Fisher
Yana da bambancin na Guillain-Barré ciwo, cuta ce ta autoimmune wanda ke alakanta da samar da kwayoyi akan myelin a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na tsarin jijiyoyin jiki.
Rashin siginar ya ɓace tsakanin jiki da CNS, wanda ke haifar da cututtukan ƙwayar tsoka. Aikin gabobin ma an rasa su.
Kwayar cututtukan da ke tattare da wannan cuta ne ophthalmology, ataxia da areflexia. Idan ana halarta a kan lokaci, yana da kyakkyawan fata na ci gaba na dogon lokaci
Charcot - Marie - Ciwon haƙori, ko CMT
Cuta ce ta gado wacce ke shafar jijiyoyi na gefe, an fi sani da neuropathy na gefe. Yana haifar da lalacewar jijiyar gefe, mafi yawan abin da ke faruwa shi ne ciwon suga.
Mahara sclerosis
Cuta ta tsarin juyayi wanda ke toshewa ko rage saurin sadarwa tsakanin kwakwalwa da jiki. Wannan yana faruwa lokacin da murfin myelin wanda ke kare kwayoyin jijiyoyin sun ji rauni, yana shafar kwakwalwa kuma kashin kashi kashin baya
Mafi yawan bayyanar cututtuka sune saboda rashin daidaituwa, motsin tsoka mara izini, matsalolin motsi, matsalolin daidaitawa, rawar jiki, rauni, maƙarƙashiya ko rikicewar hanji.
Amyotrophic na gefe sclerosis (ALS)
Yana ci gaba da kai hare-hare ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda ke kula da tsokoki marasa motsi. Suna halin lalacewar sannu-sannu ga neuronal da kwayoyin mutuwa.
Ciwon Baló ko ƙwayar cuta ta Baló
Gabaɗaya yakan shafi yara kuma da wuya manya. Ya ƙunshi asarar myelin a cikin kwakwalwa. Yana da wuya kuma ta Yana haifar da gurguntar ci gaba, motsin rai na tsokoki tsakanin sauran matsalolin larurar jijiyoyi.
Leuko-dystrophies
Ya ƙunshi canje-canje na hangen nesa da tsarin motsa jiki. Hakan na faruwa ne ta lalacewar myelin ta lahani na enzymatic a cikin samuwar ko kiyayewar myelin ko kuma ta hanyar hanyoyin kamuwa da cuta, autoimmune, mai kumburi ko asalin jijiyoyin mai guba.