Akwai bayanai game da asalin mutum da yadda rayuwa take a zamanin da. Yayin wannan tsarin juyin halitta, an shigar dashi cikin tarihi mabuɗin kayan aiki na ilimin da mutum zai iya samu, kamar ƙirƙirar guduma, gano wuta, dafa nama.
Ya kamata a lura cewa kowane ɗayan waɗannan gudummawar daga mutumin da ya gabata zuwa mutumin zamani, ya tashi ne daga wata buƙata ta asali kuma don samun damar tsira daga waɗannan mawuyacin lokacin
Halaye na tarihi
A cikin layuka gabaɗaya, tarihin tarihi yana da halaye da yawa. A duk tsawon lokacin da mutumin da ya gabata ya shude, wasu halaye na yau da kullun sun sami gogewa:
- Mutumin makiyayi ne: ba shi da wani tsayayyen wuri da zai zauna tunda babban abin da ake bukata a wannan lokacin shi ne iya cin abinci, don haka motsa daga wuri zuwa wuri akai-akai Don samun mafi kyawun abinci, ana iya tattara su da kyau daga bishiyoyi ko dabbobin da ake farauta. Babban dalilin da yasa mutum ya kasance makiyaya shi ne farauta, manyan kungiyoyin makiyaya sun kori garken shanu zuwa makomarsu ta karshe domin saukaka farauta.
- Wasu al'adu suna da dangi a matsayin babban jigonsu: sun rayu a cikin kabilu da al'ummomi. Babba ya jagoranci ƙarami Waɗannan su ne shugabannin gidajen kakanninsu.
- Kayan aiki: kayan aikin gini yasa mutum yayi manyan ci gaba a matakin kwakwalwa, tunani ya zama mafi rikitarwa saboda bukatun da dole ne a warware su. Abubuwan da mutum ya ƙirƙira da farko an yi su da ƙasusuwan dabbobi, duwatsu da wasu rassa masu ƙarfi don daga baya su sami ci gaba a cikin ƙarfe. Babban amfani da kayan aiki shine kariya daga dabbobi masu farauta, sannan wuta ta zama cikakkiyar ƙawa don kariyar su.
- Dabbobin gida: mutane sun koya dabba dabba suna nazarin halayensu, wani lokacin dabbobin da aka kulle don a ci su zama dabbobin gida.
Mutumin da ya gabata
Namiji na farko shine Neanderthal, har yanzu yana da kayan masarufi kuma daga baya ya canza zuwa Homo sapiens. Waɗannan biyun asalinsu ne na abin da muka sani a yau a matsayin tarihi, tun da yake waɗannan lokuta mutum ya ba da gudummawa ga al'adu da kimiyya.
An dauki burbushin mutum a matsayin mutum lokacin da kashin kwarangwal din ya bada alamun cewa ya iya tsayawa a tsaye, karfin kwanyarsa zai iya samar da babbar kwakwalwa mai kama da ta homo sapiens kuma hannaye da hannaye suna tsawaita. A gefe guda, ana kuma kiransa mutumin da ba shi da kirki, wannan haka yake har zuwa bayyanar rubutu a cikin tsohuwar al'adu.
Prehistoric mutum shine duk wanda ya rayu a cikin lokuta daban-daban, duka a zamanin dutse da zamanin karafa.
Duk da cewa an kira su da mutum na farko, sun iya tunani da warware matsalolin rayuwa, koda kuwa basu san rubutu ba, suna da wasu dabarun fahimta.
Daga cikin sifofin jiki da halaye waɗanda mutum ya taɓa rayuwa, zamu ga cewa suna da gajeruwa, muscular sosai saboda farauta da ayyukan nomadismSuna da maƙogwaro masu ƙarfi sosai kuma suna tafiya a haɗe.
A wannan yanayin, ana fitar da sadarwa ta hanyar motsin jiki da kuma fitar da sauti. Hakanan, ganowar yanayin yanayin rayuwar mutum, yana sanya shi dogaro da jan harshen wuta. Wannan sinadarin ya zama ba makawa lokacin da wasan ya fara dahuwa, zai iya daidaita cututuka da yawa waɗanda cin naman ɗanye ya haifar.
Ayyukan da mutumin da ya gabata ya samu suna canzawa bisa ga umarnin tsarin mulki waɗanda aka kiyaye su a cikin ƙabilu da al'ummomi, kaɗan da kaɗan wani shugabanci ya samo asali a cikin kowane rukuni: maza suna farauta, mata suna tara 'ya'yan itace da yara rassan wuta da dumama.
A zamanin da, mutum ya ba da babbar gudummawa ga zane-zane gabaɗaya, babban hanyar sadarwa ita ce zane a cikin kogon da aka yi da wasu ƙura na halitta kamar oxides da wasu waɗanda aka ciro daga duwatsu.
Sadarwar gani yana daga cikin rikodin mutum da rayuwarsa ta yau da kullun, na yadda suke farauta da abin da kowace dabba ke wakilta a wuraren.
Zamanin tarihi
An gina wannan al'umma ta hanyar matsayi da matsayin zamantakewar da aka ba kowane memba na al'ummomin.
Kodayake a asalinsa mutum bai banbanta tsakanin al'umma ba, amma bukatunsa na zamanin da ne, amma al'umman da suka gabata suna samun ƙarfi yayin da kwakwalwar ɗan adam ke daɗa rikitarwa.
Wasu al'adun zamantakewar da muka sani a yau sun dace da mutum tun zamanin da. Daga cikin halayen zamantakewar zamanin da muka samu:
- Hakoki: kowane memba na gari yana da nauyi a kansa da sunanka; wato yara sun tattara rassa, mata yayan itace kuma maza suna farauta, tsofaffi a hankali suka zama shugabannin ƙabilun.
- Namiji, duk da zama tare da wasu a cikin jama'a, ba ya barin sai matakan ƙarshe na zamanin da suka gabata su zama makiyaya. Wuraren wucin gadi sune koguna da kogwanni inda suka yi amfani da lokacin su, daga baya tare da isowar wuta, ana son ɗan adam ya kasance haɗe da shi a inda yake jin amintacce.
Matakai na tarihin tarihi:
Kodayake muna magana ne game da tarihi a matsayin wani lokaci wanda yawancin hanyoyin juyin halitta ke gudana a kan mutum, wannan mahallin ya fi fadi kuma ya dau kusan shekaru miliyan 3.5, waɗanda aka raba su ta manyan matakai ko abubuwan karyawa a cikin jerin lokuta.:
Dutse shekaru:
Wannan matakin mutum yana da halin rayuwa ta asali inda mutum yana amfani da kayan farauta da makaman da aka kera musamman da duwatsu, wannan lokacin ya kasu kashi uku:
Paleolithic
Wannan lokacin ya kunshi farkon shekarun Homo sapiens, har zuwa 9000 BC, kuma ya bunkasa a sassan Turai, Asiya, da Afirka.
Daga cikin fitattun halaye na zamanin Palaeolithic mun sami kirkirar baka, kare a aikin gida da bayyanar zane-zane a matsayin babbar hanyar sadarwa.
Kiɗa a ɓangarensa ya zama wani ɓangare na rayuwar mutum, kwaikwayon sautunan dabbobi kuma daga halittu an hade su zuwa farkon imani da shirka na farko.
Harshen Mesolithic
Wannan lokacin bashi da takamaiman kwanan wata, tunda ya bambanta dangane da ranakun da wuraren, duk ya dogara ne akan burbushin lokacin. Ana iya kiran Mesolithic a matsayin lokaci tsakanin Paleolithic da Neolithic.
A cikin Mesolithic, kamun kifi ya bayyana a matsayin aikin tsira na biyu, aikin gona ya dauki matakin farko a wannan lokacin, kuma al'ummomi suna girma bisa ga bambancin zamantakewar: mafarauta, masunta da shugabannin al'umma.
Shugaban jama'a yana cika ayyuka da yawa: firist ko shaman da likita. Wasu al'adu suna bayyana game da mutuwa da sirrin rayuwa ta gaba.
A wannan lokacin, mutum ya zama yana da masaniya game da abubuwan da yake ji game da mutuwa.
Neolithic
Yana ɗaukar shekaru 5000 da 2500 BC a duk sassan duniya daban-daban. Wannan shine lokacin dutsen da aka goge. Kasuwanci ya samo asali ne ta hanyar siye da siyarwa, dukiya ta zama ta sirri kuma ayyuka kamar su noma, kamun kifi, dabbobi da farauta sun zama wani ɓangare na rayuwar mutum ta yau da kullun a matsayin manyan ayyuka.
Haƙƙarfan ma'adinai an haife shi azaman alamun farko na shekarun ƙarfe, tuni ga shekarun ƙarshe na wannan lokacin.
Shekarun karafa:
A wannan mataki na biyu na tarihi, ana lura da kayan aikin farko da aka yi da karafa, yana fara yin amfani da tagulla, ƙarfe da tagulla, wani lokacin yakan yi amfani da zinare a matsayin abin ado ko ƙananan ɓangarorin kayan aikin amma ba shine babban ƙarfe ba. Wannan lokacin yana tsakanin 4000 da 1200 BC.
Shekarun tagulla
Ya haɗa da shekaru 4000 zuwa 3000 BC An fara ganin gidan wasu dabbobi kamar su jaki da sa a zamanin jan ƙarfe. Wannan ƙarfe ya kasance babban taimako don ci gaba a cikin kera makamaiKoyaya, yana da rauni ƙwarai kuma bai sadu da tsammanin mutumin da ya gabata ba, godiya ga wannan, buƙata ta tashi don neman wasu karafa kamar tagulla da baƙin ƙarfe don kera makamai don haka aka haife shekaru masu zuwa.
Shekarun tagulla
Ya haɗa da shekarun 3000 zuwa 1200 BC. A wannan lokacin, mai canzawa ya zama wani ɓangare na rayuwar mutum saboda darajar da ake fara ba da ƙarfe. Bronze ya fi ƙarfi ƙarfi fiye da jan ƙarfe, amma har yanzu bai biya bukatun makamin kisa ba.
A wani bangaren kuma, kasuwancin karfe kai tsaye yana tasiri ne ta hanyar matakai da ci gaban al'adu da mutum ya samu sakamakon gogewar.
Zamanin ƙarfe
Yana da mahimmancin gaske tun daga 1400 BC. Gwajin mutum tare da aikin karafa don ya iya fasalta kayan aikin farko da aka yi da ƙarfe.
El gano ƙarfe ya sanya mutum cikakkiyar ma'aurata zuwa gare shi kuma ya ɗauki wannan ƙarfe a matsayin babban abin da ke fahimtar kayan farauta da kariya ga al'ummomi.
Hakanan, aiwatar da baƙin ƙarfe a cikin rayuwar yau da kullun ta zamanin da, ya sa kamun kifi, dabbobin gida da ayyukan noma yafi daɗi ga mutum; godiya ga ƙera kayan aiki na musamman don irin wannan aikin.