Doka tsararriyar ƙa'idodi ne waɗanda ke ba da daidaito, daidaito, daidaito, 'yanci, rarrabuwar ayyuka ga al'umma don samun kyakkyawan zama tare.
An bayyana dokar a matsayin duk waɗancan dokokin da aka kirkira don sarrafa halayyar jama'a, wanda aka sanya takunkumi idan wani mutum ɗaya daga cikinsu ya karya su.
Ana iya rarraba wannan ta hanyar rassa biyu waɗanda ke bambanta mutum ko mahaɗan da aka miƙa wajibai, idan ya kasance zuwa ga ƙasa, zai yi magana ne game da dokar jama'a, kuma idan ta kasance ma'amala da juna, haƙƙi ne na kashin kai.
Kowane ɗayan abubuwan da aka ambata a baya suna da ƙananan rabe-raben da suka haɗa su.
Raba dokar masu zaman kansu
Dokar kasuwanci
Thea'idodi ne waɗanda suke kafa sifofin kasuwancin, wanda suke jin daɗin zama lafiya da aminci yayin gudanar da ma'amala ko tallace-tallace, yayin da kasuwancin ya haɓaka tare da saurin gaske, an ƙirƙiri sabbin dokoki waɗanda zasu kiyaye fa'idodin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin.
Ana ɗaukar aiki a matsayin kasuwanci, lokacin da ya shiga fagen kasuwanci, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa irin wannan haƙƙin zai shafe shi. Wannan kuma ana kiranta da "dokar kasuwanci."
Dokar kwadago: Wannan rukunin dokokin yana tsara kowane irin aikin da ake da shi, walau mai dogaro ko mai dogaro da kansa, yana tabbatar da waɗanda ke ciki suna da daidaito dangane da aiki.
Wannan nau'in haƙƙin ana kiransa da "zamantakewa" ko "aiki"
Dokar farar hula
Har ila yau, an san shi da lambar jama'a, ya dogara ne da kariya ga dukkan al'umma, kamar mutane gaba ɗaya, dangi, dukiya da abin da suke da shi, aiki, gidaje, da sauran abubuwa.
Wannan rabe-raben dokar ya shafi duk wadanda suka hada al'umma.
Rarraba dokar jama'a
Dokar gudanarwa
Rulesa'idodi ne na doka waɗanda ke tsara tsarin tafiyar da ƙasa, wanda ke da alhakin kiyaye amfanin ƙasa gaba ɗaya, ayyukanta, al'umma, da sauran abubuwan.
Lokacin da aka sami gazawa a cikin sharia ko shari'a, ko kuma kawai abin da ya shafi jihar, dan kasa na iya zuwa kara, don aiwatar da hakkokinsu, yayin fuskantar wasu matsaloli da wasu ke son tsoma baki.
Dokar Laifi
Ya ƙunshi dukkan hukunce-hukuncen da za a iya bayarwa ga mutanen da suka shafi haƙƙin wasu mutane, irin waɗannan ayyukan na iya zama: fashi, kwace, cin zarafi, da sauransu.
Wannan rabe-raben dokar ya zama dole a cikin al'umma, domin kuwa wani yanki kadan daga cikin mutanen ba su da sha'awar walwala da jin dadin jama'a, kuma ya kamata a hukunta su, domin idan ba su ci gaba ta wannan hanyar ba, to za a samu rikici a tsakanin dukkanin al'ummar.
Hakanan akwai tsarin jihar, wanda shine tsaro, wanda ke da alhakin hana irin wannan halin.
Tsarin mulki
Wannan yana sarrafa duk haƙƙoƙin jihar, wanda ya shafi ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na gwamnati tare da 'yan ƙasa.
Wannan shi ke kula da nazarin batun 'yancin ɗan adam, tare da na tsarin mulki da na ƙasa.
Wa ke kare hakkoki?
Lauyoyi suna sa zuciya yayin aiwatar da iliminsu na ƙwarewa tushen tushen doka kamar daidaito, daidaito da kuma aikin ɗan ƙasa.
Suna aiki a matsayin ƙungiya don cimma burin su kawai, wanda shine gamsar da abokan ciniki tare da ayyukansu, nasiha da kuma jagorantar su a cikin yanayin shari'a wanda duk wanda ba tare da waɗannan karatun ba bashi da mafi ƙarancin ilimi.
Suna da wasu ka'idoji da aka kafa a cikin sana'arsu, wanda manyansu suke girmama abokan ciniki, fuskantarwa game da lamuran shari'a, samar da kyakkyawar hidima don abokan ciniki su ji daɗin zama tare da su, da kuma tabbatar da cewa a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsu na doka za a tabbatar da haƙƙinsu. a gaban kowane mahaɗan doka.
Jihar da hakkoki
Wannan yana da cikakken iko don ba da gudummawar sabbin dokoki ga kundin tsarin mulki, wannan gwargwadon buƙatun al'umar da abin ya shafa, tabbas wannan yana jagorancin haƙƙoƙin duniya, kamar 'yancin ɗan adam, waɗanda ke matsayin babban aikinsu lafiyayyar ɗaukacin jama'a 'yan adam, tabbatar da' yanci a duk duniya.
Don bayani game da wannan doka ta wannan yanayi, sa hannu kan samar da lauyoyi, lauyoyin majalisa, da majalisar dokoki, wadanda ke tafka mahawara kan ko dokar da aka gabatar za ta iya shafar jama'a da kyau ko kuma ta shafi su.
Laifin laifi da na farar hula
An ambace su saboda yawancin shari'o'in da zasu iya kaiwa kotu saboda karya wasu dokokin da suka shafe su ne, amma akwai bambanci sosai tsakanin wadannan rabe-raben dokar, wanda za'a yi bayaninsu a kasa:
- Lokacin da aka aikata kisan kai, ana aikata babban laifi a gaban dukkan al'umma, irin wannan aikin ya shiga cikin dokar laifi, kuma a cikin waɗannan lamuran mai gabatar da kara shine wanda ya gabatar da dalilin hakan ga kotu. Game da batun shari'ar farar hula, wanda aka zalunta zai gabatar da karar.
- Masu tuhuma na aikata laifuka suna jin daɗin wasu kariya da ba a ba wa waɗanda ke cikin shari'ar farar hula.
- A cikin shari'o'in farar hula, shaidun na iya zama ba su da wata ma'ana; a gefe guda kuma, yayin da muke magana game da bangaren masu laifi, duk wani shakku da ke akwai game da aikin da aka aikata dole ne a bayyana shi, yana gabatar da cikakkiyar shaida a lokacin.
- Ba a ba da shari'ar farar hula lauya da jiha ta biya, maimakon haka wadanda ke fama da karar laifi suna da cikakken 'yancin samun goyon bayan lauya, kuma idan lauyan ba zai iya biya ba, dole ne jihar ta ba shi.
- Hukuncin da aka sanya kuma sun banbanta, kasancewar a cikin shari'o'in farar hula galibi hukunce-hukuncen kudi, don biyan tara, ko don kauda izini ko lasisi.
- Laifukan da suka shafi farar hula sun fi zama alƙali ya gabatar da su, kodayake a wasu 'yan lokuta ba za a iya samun masu yanke hukunci ba, yayin da a cikin shari'o'in aikata laifi kuwa akwai masu yanke hukunci ta hanyar shari'a.