Kimiyyar lissafi kimiyyar lissafi ce madaidaiciya, ta ka'ida da kuma ta gwaji wacce take nazarin kadarorin kwayoyin halitta, kuzari, lokaci da sararin samaniya da kuma yadda suke mu'amala a tsakanin su. Nemi daidaito da daidaito a cikin maganganunsu kuma cewa waɗannan na iya zama tabbatacce ta hanyar gwaji.
Tana bayanin abubuwanda suka shafi dabi'a ta hanyar dokoki, banda wadanda suke canza tsarin kwayoyin halittar jiki. Yana da alaƙa da ilimin lissafi, ya dogara da shi don bayyana nazarin gaskiyar hakan ya shagaltar da kai. A gefe guda, ya haɗa da ciki
fannin karatun sa zuwa ilmin sunadarai, ilmin halitta da lantarki, ban da bayanin abubuwan da suka faru.
Ilimin kimiyyar lissafi yana nazarin abubuwan da suka shafi kwayoyin halitta wadanda suka dogara da tunaninsu kan injiniyoyi na gargajiya daga inda suke nazarin dokokin da ke kula da motsi, kan ilimin lantarki mai aiki da kwazo domin binciken cajin electromagnetic, kan thermodynamics don nazarin zafi da nau'ikan makamashi. nazarin yanayi a sikeli karamin sarari kuma a cikin kididdiga don nazarin mitocin da yiwuwar faruwar al'amuran jiki.
Rassan ilimin kimiyyar lissafi
Ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, don nazarin hakikanin gaskiya, ya kasu kashi uku manyan rassa wadanda zasu baka damar nazarin al'amuran dabi'a daga wani bangare na hakika, sune:
- Classical kimiyyar lissafi
- Ilimin kimiyyar zamani da
- Ilimin kimiyyar zamani.
Menene ake kira ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na gargajiya?
Ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na gargajiya ya kunshi karatu da nazariyya kafin fitowar kwararrun injiniyoyi. Ana kuma kiran shi Newtonian physics saboda dogaro da dokokin Newton game da motsi akan abubuwa.
Classical Physics yana nazarin al'amuran da suke da saurin da bai fi saurin haske ba kuma ma'auninsu na sarari bai kai girman atam da kwayoyin ba.
Ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na gargajiya ya ƙunshi fannoni masu zuwa:
Kananan masanikai:
Kimiyyar dake nazarin dokokin motsi na Newton, tana magana ne game da halayen kananan halittun jiki masu nutsuwa da kuma saurin gudu dangane da saurin haske.
Duk injiniyoyin gargajiya da na kimiyyar lissafi a dunkule suna kan dokokin Newton, musamman akan yana nufin motsin jiki a cikin sararin duniya.
Yanayin yanayi:
Kimiyyar ce ke da alhakin bayanin jihohin ma'aunin ma'aunin yanayin zafi a matakin macroscopic. Thermodynamics ne ke da alhakin nazarin ma'amala tsakanin zafi da wasu nau'ikan makamashi. Masu canjin da yake amfani dasu don bayyana yanayi daban-daban sune zafin jiki, matsin lamba, ƙarar, da yawan moles.
An fahimta ta Daidaitan ma'aunin zafi wannan yanayin da yanayin yanayin jikin biyu yake daidai, tare da yanayin yanayin zafi daban-daban kuma da zarar an daidaita yanayin, sai a dakatar da aikin zafin, dukkan jikin ya kai ma'aunin ma'aunin zafi da aka ambata.
A matsayin misali muna da amfani da ma'aunin zafi da sanyio, kayan aiki wanda ke ƙayyade yanayin zafin kansa. Don haka don sanin yawan zafin jikin wani jiki ko abu, duka ana sanya su a cikin ma'aunin ma'aunin zafi. Sanin cewa a ma'aunin ma'aunin zafi duka jiki da ma'aunin zafi da zafi yana da zafi iri ɗaya, yanayin zafi da ma'aunin zafi zai nuna shi ma zai zama yanayin zafin jiki na jiki idan aka kwatanta shi.
Nazarin yadda tsarin ke kawo sauye-sauye a muhallin su yana da amfani a bangarori daban-daban na kimiyya da injiniya ... Ga wasu aikace-aikace na thermodynamics:
A cikin kayan aikin injiniya suna gudana zafi da canja wurin makamashi zuwa albarkatun kasa don kera sabbin kayan. A matsayin misali muna da aikin harba yanayin zafi mai zafi na wani yumbu wanda kaddarorinsa na karshe zasu dogara daidai da yanayin zafin da aka sa shi.
A matakin masana'antu muna da tsarin narkar da man shafawa da cuku da man shanu ta hanyar musayar zafi. A cikin masana'antar ƙarfe, ana samun nau'ikan ƙarfe daban-daban ta hanyar haɗuwa da abubuwa daban-daban a cikin ɗakunan zafin jiki masu tsananin zafi.
Kayan aikin lantarki:
Abubuwan da suka shafi lantarki da magnetic ana yin nazari dasu kuma an hade su a ka'ida daya ta hanyar maganadisun lantarki. Michael Faraday da James Clerk MaxwelShi ne farkon masu bayyana tushe.
Electromagnetism ya dogara ne akan ƙididdigar vector huɗu daban-daban, waɗanda suke da alaƙa da wutan lantarki da maganadisu zuwa tushen kayansu.
Ka'idar electromagnetic ta hada da wutar lantarki, rarrabuwa ta lantarki, da kuma magnetic polarization. Abubuwa na zahiri na Macroscopic wadanda suka shafi cajin lantarki a hutawa da motsi da tasirin filayen lantarki da maganadisu akan ruwa, daskararru da iskar gas abubuwa ne na bayanin electromagnetism.
Misalan amfani da wutar lantarki sun tabbata a cikin injin lantarki da janareto, waxannan na'urori ne da ake amfani dasu don jujjuyawar kuzarin inji zuwa makamashin lantarki ko akasin haka.
Generator, alternator ko dynamo shine sunan da aka bashi ga na'urar da ke canza makamashin inji zuwa makamashin lantarki. Motar ita ce na'urar da ke canza wutar lantarki zuwa makamashin inji.
A matsayin misalin electromagnetism muna da kamfas. Motsawar allurai ya ta'allaka ne akan ka'idojin maganadiso na sandunan duniya da kuma kan ka'idojin lantarki saboda mu'amala da gogayyar da take samarwa.
Kayan gani:
Zamanin wutar lantarki, abubuwan da ya mallaka, da yadda suke mu'amala da kwayoyin halitta, musamman sarrafa shi da sarrafa shi, shine abubuwan gani a zahiri ke da alhakin nazari.
Haske shine nisan zangon ƙarfin lantarki wanda idanun ɗan adam zasu iya fahimta kuma shine ainihin kimiyyar gani wanda ke da alhakin binciken sa. Yana da hankali ga ganowa da amfani da sababbin abubuwa. Dangane da shi, masu binciken suna amfani da haɓaka hanyoyin haske a duk faɗin dukkanin fannonin lantarki.
Optics ya yi tasiri kan kayan aiki, sadarwa da ilimin zamani.
Acoustics:
Acoustics wani reshe ne na kimiyyar lissafi wanda ke hulɗa da nazarin tasirin raƙuman injina waɗanda ke yaduwa ta hanyar kwayar halitta a kowane ɗayan jihohin ta (mai ƙarfi, ruwa ko gas) ta hanyar samfurin jiki da lissafi.
Acoustics yana nazarin komai game da samarwa, watsawa, adanawa, hangen nesa ko kuma haifar da sauti. Acoustic engineering yana hulɗa da aikace-aikacen fasaha na acoustics.
A matsayin misalai na ilimin kimiyyar lissafi za mu iya ambata:
1. Na'urorin lantarki don inganta sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa.
2. A fagen magani ya yi tasiri wajen ƙirƙirar hotuna
na jikin mutum ta duban dan tayi.
3. Microphones
Matsalar ruwa:
Injinan ruwa ruwa karamin reshe ne na injiniyoyi masu ci gaba wanda ke kula da nazarin motsi na ruwaye (ruwa da gas) da kuma ƙarfin da ke haifar da su.
A cikin kimiyyar, farar hula, injiniyan injiniya, aeronautics, meteorology, jirgin ruwa da kuma tekun waje, sa hannun injiniyoyi masu ruwa yana da mahimmanci.
Ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na zamani
Wannan reshe, ana kuma kiransa kimiyyar lissafi, ya fara a farkon karni na XNUMX. Tare da shawarar masanin ilmin kimiyyar lissafi dan kasar Jamus Max Planck (1858-1947) wanda a ciki ya bayyana cewa a cikin duhun jikin mai haske ana auna shi da haske. Ya dogara ne akan ka'idar jimla wacce ta bulla a 1900 da kuma ka'idar dangantawa da juna a cikin 1905.
Albert Einstein, a cikin 1905 ya karfafa ka'idar jimla kuma a 1920 aka kira shi jimlakan kanikanci a matsayin reshen kimiyyar lissafi. Yana magana ne akan abubuwan da ke faruwa a gudu kusa da na haske, ko kuma wadanda ma'aunin sararin samaniya suke akan tsarin atom da kwayoyin.
Yi nazarin halaye, ɗabi'a da Rarraba kwayar cuta a matakan atom da subatomic. Masana'antun jimla tare da Ka'idar Relativity sune suka hada abinda muke kira ilimin lissafi na zamani.
Ilimin kimiyyar zamani
Farkonsa ya kasance a ƙarshen karni na XNUMX da farkon karni na XNUMX, ma'ana, muna rayuwa ne a zamanin kimiyyar lissafin zamani. Ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na zamani yana hulɗar da nazarin mawuyacin yanayi, abubuwan al'ajabi akan sikelin nanoscopic da kuma aiwatarwa a waje da daidaitaccen yanayin yanayin zafi. Ka'idar hargitsi da hargitsi ne.