Ana amfani da wannan fili sosai a masana'antar duniya wanda har amfani da shi yana tantance matakin ci gaban wannan yanki a cikin ƙasashe. Matsayin samar da sinadarin sulphuric acid yana da girma matuka, saboda yana da halaye da yawa waɗanda zasu sa ya zama kyakkyawa don ƙerawa da kuma kera wasu kayan da suka shahara a duniya. Yana da halaye waɗanda ke sa ta sami karɓaɓɓiyar ƙarfin lalata, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa aka ba shi sunan ta daban.
A tsakiyar zamanai an san wannan mahaɗan da man vitriol, wanda masanan alhamis na lokacin suka bayar da sunansa, kusan a ƙarni na XNUMX da XNUMX, waɗannan ma sune mahimman ƙarni, masu magana akan ganowa da kuma nazarin ayyukanta.
Akwai matakai daban-daban don samun sinadarin sulphuric acid, kasancewar kasancewar ita ce hanyar jagoranci a mafi tsufa kuma har yau ana iya ganin wannan aikin sosai, saboda manyan masana'antun kera taki suna amfani da shi don sauƙaƙe samu.
Hanyoyin samun wannan acid na iya zama da haɗari sosai idan ba ku san takamaiman matakan da dole ne a san za ku iya aiwatar da su ba, saboda yana samar da zafi mai yawa, sannan kuma jikinku yana da zafi sosai, don haka kowane fantsama na iya haifar da mummunan ƙonewa.
Abun da ke cikin sulfuric acid
Wannan shi ne mafi yawan amfani da shi a duk duniya, kasancewar masana'antar da mafi girman matakan amfani da sinadarin sulfuric da ke samar da takin mai magani, halayyar da ta fi ƙarfin wannan ita ce cewa tana da haɗari sosai, kuma tsarin sunadarai shine S2HO4.
Sulfuric acid shine sashi tare da mafi girman samarwa a duk duniya, Wannan ya faru ne saboda yana da wasu halaye wadanda suke bada damar fadada rashin ingancin kayayyakin da aka samo daga gareta, haka kuma ana iya amfani dashi don hada wasu abubuwa kamar su acid da sulfates.
A zamanin da an san shi da mai ko ruhun Vitriol, saboda ya fito ne daga wannan ma'adinan, gabaɗaya ana iya samun wannan sinadarin daga sulfur dioxide ta hanyar aikin da ake kira hadawan abu da iskar shaka tare da sinadarin nitrogen a cikin bayani na ruwa, bayan samun shi Ya zama dole aiwatar da wasu matakai don haɓaka ƙarfin sa.
Kwayoyin halittar hydrogen guda biyu da wannan kwayar ta mallaka suna da nasaba da kwayoyin oxygen guda biyu, wadanda basa ninki biyu da sulphur. Dogaro da mafita wanda yake yanzu, waɗannan hydrogens na iya rabuwa.
Kwayar acid din tana da sifa na musamman na pyramidal, wanda yake tattare da samun sinadarin sulphur a tsakiya, yayin da ana iya ganin kwayoyin hydrogen a kusurwa huɗu. A cikin ruwa, yana nuna kamar mai ƙarfi a cikin rabuwarsa ta farko, yana samun sakamakon sakamakon hydrogen-sulfate anion, kodayake a cikin rarrabuwar na biyu ya bayyana kamar acid mai rauni, wanda ke haifar da anion na sulfate.
Tsarin sulphuric acid
Ana iya samun wannan a cikin yankuna daban-daban na kasuwanci a gabatarwa daban-daban, farawa daga mafi tsarki, zuwa duk nau'ikan cakuda da zasu iya wanzu daga gare shi, waɗanda ake auna su da matakan tsarki.
Idan samuwar sinadarin sulphuric acid ya wanzu, ya zama dole a bi ta wasu matakai don samunta, daga cikin wadanda aka fi sani, kuma mafi yawan wadanda aka yi amfani da su sune na dakin jagora da kuma tsarin tuntubar juna, na farko da aka ambata shine mafi tsufa hanyar samun wannan mahadi, kuma a yau ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai matukar mahimmanci da amfani, musamman ta masana'antun da ke kula da kera takin zamani.
Zai yiwu a sami wannan mahaɗin a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje, wannan ana samun sa ne ta hanyar rafin rafin iskar gas din dioxide, a cikin maganin hydrogen peroxide. Ofaƙƙarfan sulfuric acid ta hanyar wannan aikin samarwar ana samun ta ta ƙafe ruwan.
Hanyar tuntuɓi
A wannan tsarin samun sinadarin sulphuric acid, ana iya lura da cakudadden iskar gas wanda ya ƙunshi kusan tsakanin kashi 7 zuwa 10 na SO2 , ya danganta da tushen samar da ita, kuma kimanin kimanin kashi 11 zuwa 13 an riga an riga an zafafa, kuma da zarar an tsarkake shi zuwa matsakaici, ana iya mika shi zuwa mai jujjuya ɗaya ko mai yiwuwa ƙarin gadaje masu saurin gaske, wannan Yana da saboda mulkin platinum, wanda a cikin sa ake iya ganin asalin SO3 yawanci ana amfani da masu sauya biyu ko fiye a wannan aikin.
Ofirƙirar wannan mahaɗin ta hanyar konewar sanadarin sulphur yana kokarin gabatar da mafi kyawun ma'aunin makamashi, wanda ba lallai bane ya dace da wasu tsarukan tsaftacewa masu tsauri, wanda a wasu lokuta ana tilasta wannan aikin.
Akwai babban bambanci tsakanin SO masana'antu2 ta hanyar kona sulfure, kuma ta wata hanyar da aka sani da gasa pyrites, musamman idan waɗannan arsenical ne, wannan saboda na biyun ya bar ƙazamta da yawa a sakamakon ƙarshe wanda ba za a taɓa kawar da shi gaba ɗaya ba.
A cikin tsire-tsire a cikin aiki na yau da kullun aikin tuba na SO2 zuwa SO3 jeri daga 96% da 97%, saboda tasirinsu yana raguwa a kan lokaci, ana iya lura da wannan tasirin sau da yawa a cikin tsire-tsire inda ake amfani da farawa pyrites tare da babban abun ciki na arsenic, wanda ba za a iya kawar da mahaɗan gaba ɗaya ba, sabili da haka ke biye da iskar gas da ke shan kodin aiwatarwa, haifar da gubar mai haɓaka, wannan shine babban dalilin saukowar kwatsam cikin aikin.
A cikin juyi na biyu gases suna da lokacin zama na kusan dakika 2 zuwa 4, kuma a cikin wannan dole ne yawan zafin ya saba tsakanin digiri 500 zuwa 600 a ma'aunin Celsius don cimma daidaitattun daidaito don cimma matsakaicin juyawa tare da mafi ƙarancin kuɗin da zai yiwu.
Bayan aikin da ya gabata, ana sanyaya iskar gas din da ke zuwa daga catalysis zuwa yanayin zafin da ke kusa da 100º digiri Celsius, don haka wucewa ta hasumiyar oleum, godiya ga wannan, ba cikakke ba, amma an shanye SO sosai.3Sauran gas din da suka rage daga wannan sun ratsa ta wata hasumiya ta biyu inda aka tsabtace mahaɗan kuma aka wanke su da sinadarin sulphuric acid.
Jagoran Majalisa
Wannan tsari na musamman shine mafi dadewa sananne wanda ake sarrafawa da samuwar sulfuric acid dashi, wanda acikinta SO3 gaseous ya shiga wani reactor da aka sani da sunan hasumiyar glover inda ya shiga aikin wanki da nitrous vitriol, wanda shine sulfuric acid tare da sinadarin nitrous da kuma sinadarin carbon dioxide da aka narkar da shi, wanda shi kuma ana hada shi da nau'ikan nitrogen oxide, (NO) da (IV). Mafi yawan sinadarin sulphur na IV da aka yi amfani da shi a nan ana yin amfani da shi zuwa sulfur oxide VI kuma an narkar da shi a cikin ruwan wanka na acid don samar da ruwan hasumiyar hasumiya, halayyar hasumiyar Glover.
Bayan gaurayan iskar gas ya wuce ta hasumiyar Glover, sai a kaisu wani dakin da aka lika masa gubar (saboda haka sunan sa) inda ake kula dasu da ruwa mai yawa, wanda ke da siffofi daban-daban, gwargwadon ma'aunin masana'antun, daga cikin wadanda suka fi yawa. murabba'i ko waɗanda suke da siffa irin ta mazugi.
Sinadarin sulphuric yana dauke a jikin bango, wanda aka kirkireshi ta hanyar wasu maganganu kuma aka tara shi a kasan dakin da aka rufa da gubar, yawanci ana iya kiyaye wanzuwar tsakanin 3 zuwa 6 a jere a jere, samfurin karshe da aka samo daga dakunan yace galibi ana kiranta da acid na ɗakin, ko kuma yawanci as acid taki.
A kashi na karshe na wannan aikin, gas din ana ratsa shi ta wani bangaren da ake kira hasumiyar Gay-Lussac, inda ake ci gaba da wanki tare da sinadarai masu sanyi da sanyi, wadanda suka fito daga hasumiyar Glover, don kawo karshen iskar gas din da ba za a iya sarrafa ta ba. sakewa cikin yanayi.
Tarihin sulfuric acid
Farkonsa ya faro ne tun zamanin da, wanda a maimakon masana kimiyya, masu binciken alham sun kasance wadanda suka yi gwaji da abubuwan da aka samo daga duniya, kasancewar galibinsu na dabi'a ne, kodayake wasu sun sami damar kera mahadi irin su Jabirú Ibn Hayyan, wanda shine ya gano sinadarin sulfuric acid don karo na farko a karni na takwas sannan kuma a karnoni masu zuwa da za a yi nazari mai zurfi, saboda sun fahimci kyawawan halayensa, da kuma yiwuwar amfani da ke tattare da yiwuwar kera sabbin kayan tarihi da kayayyaki, tsarin da aka ƙaddara ya zama sananne a waɗannan lokutan litattafan larabawa da na Farisawa, saboda binciken da masana masanan Turai suka yi a karni na goma sha uku.
A cikin Turai na waɗancan lokutan, daidai a zamanin da, ana kiran sulfuric acid da suna vitriol, ko mahaɗan vitriol, kamar giyar vitriol ko man vitriol, saboda gaskiyar cewa yana nan cikin wannan ma'adinin. Kalmar vitriol ta fito ne daga Latin vitreus, wanda ke nufin salts na gishiri, kuma fassararta zuwa Sifaniyanci za ta zama ta lu'ulu'u.
Wannan bangaren daga farko ya kasance yana da matukar amfani a tsakanin masana masanan, ta yadda har ya zama ana kokarin amfani dashi azaman dutse ne na masanin falsafa, kodayake daga cikin mafi amfani da shi shine sanya abubuwa suyi tasiri.
Johann Glauber wani bajamushe ne masanin ilimin kimiyar magani dan asalin kasar Dutch wanda ya sami nasarar samun sinadarin sulphicic acid, ko kuma vitriol, ta hanyar aiwatar da kona sulfur da potassium nitrate a gaban tururin ruwa. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa yayin da sanadarin nitrate ke narkewa, yana yiwuwa a lura da yadda sulphur din yake cikin SO3 cewa daga baya yayin haɗa shi da ruwa ya yiwu a sami mahaɗin. Wannan ya zama babbar hanyar tallata sulfuric acid, saboda yana da sauƙin samarwa da yawa.
A wasu lokutan da suka kusan kusan shekara ta 1746, an fara amfani da hanyar dakin da aka rufa da gubar, wanda ya fi Glauber tsari da sauki, kuma wannan a ƙarshe ya daidaita masana'antar don samar da wannan fili., Yana haifar da babban ciniki a ciki. a duniya.
Matakan maida hankali sun yi ƙasa da kusan kashi 40%, amma wannan ya inganta tare da nazarin halaye na mahaɗin, cimma ƙirar sababbin kayayyakin da ke buƙatar ƙwarewa mafi girma, wannan saboda wasu masana kimiyya sun dogara da tsohuwar al'adar samun masanan alham, daidai a cikin ƙonewar pyrites.
Sannan a cikin 1831 wani mai siyar da ruwan inabi ya sami damar samar da tsari mai ɗorewa fiye da waɗanda suka gabata, saboda ƙananan farashin da ya cancanci iya aiwatar da su, wanda ake kira hanyar tuntuɓar, kasancewar wannan sananne ne saboda yana da mafi yawan wadatar sulfuric acid.
Aikace-aikacen sulphuric acid da kariya
Da zarar an san duk fannoni da tarihin yadda aka samu wannan fili a karon farko, yana da matukar mahimmanci a san menene aikace-aikacensa na yau da kullun, da kuma kiyaye abubuwan da dole ne a ɗauka, saboda a mafi yawan waɗannan hanyoyin shine dumama abun har yakai ga iya kona kowa.
Mafi yawan aikace-aikace
- Wasu masana'antu masana'antu da ke yin katako da kayayyakin takarda suna buƙatar sulfuric acid a cikinsu, haka kuma a kayayyakin masaku.
- A cikin masana'antun kera takin zamani, an lura da yawan amfani da kuma bukatar wannan mahada, tunda kayan aikin nata suna da matukar tasiri wajen fadada wadannan abubuwan, wannan saboda yana aiki ne a matsayin takin zamani.
- A mafi yawan lokuta ana amfani da wannan mahaɗan azaman albarkatun ƙasa, kodayake ba safai ake nuna shi a cikin samfurin ƙarshe ba.
- Daga cikin mahimman abubuwa akwai tace mai, maganin ƙarfe, samar da launukan launuka, abubuwan fashewa, robobi, zare, abin wanki, da hakar ƙarfe da ba ƙarfe ba.
- Yana aiki azaman hanyar magance karafa daban-daban kamar karafa, tagulla, vanadium, da sauransu.
- A wasu ƙasashe abubuwan da ke cikin dokokin kiyaye lafiyar suna sanya ido sosai akan amfani da shi.
- Amfani da shi kai tsaye, don yin magana, shine ƙirar ƙirar ƙira, wanda aka haɗa ta ta hanyar sulfurization na halitta, wanda aikin sa yake musamman ga masana'antun wanka.
Kariya
Tsarin masana'antu na sulfuric acid na iya zama da haɗari da gaske saboda a cikin mafi yawa, idan ba duka ba, mahallin yana da zafi sosai, don haka dole ne koyaushe a yi la'akari da cewa dole ne a zuba shi cikin ruwa, kuma ba wata hanyar ba. , saboda yana iya haifar da feshin da zai iya haifar da tsananin fata.