Kafin ayi bayanin wata gabar jiki da kalmomin kimiyya masu dacewa, ya zama dole a bayyana game da ma'anar da aka bashi, ya zama dole a san inda da kuma dalilin da yasa ake kiran sa ta hanyar da ta dace da kuma abin da wannan kalmar take nufi . A cikin wannan lamarin muna da thalamus. Wannan kalmar ta samo asali ne daga Latin thalamus, wannan kuma daga tsohuwar Girkanci ne. Wuri ne na bikin aure, ɗakin kwana, gado ne na haɗin kai.
Don haka zamu ga cewa asalin wannan lokacin yana cikin tsohuwar al'adar Girka. Yawancin waɗannan tsoffin kalmomin ana kiran su tsohuwar sake gabatarwa, Wato, wadannan kalmomi ne wadanda aka yi amfani dasu a zamanin da (karni na XNUMX kafin haihuwar BC zuwa karni na XNUMX AD) amma a cikin duhu na Tsakiyar Zamani sun ɓace kuma an sake haɗa su da kalmomin kimiyya a lokacin Renaissance, a lokacin batutuwan gargajiya da na Latin da aka rasa ana ceto.
Menene thalamus?
Nassoshin likita na farko game da kalmar thalamus an dawo dasu zuwa rubutun daga 1664 tare da batun jijiyoyin gani; Har ila yau, a cikin matani daga shekara ta 1756. Duk da haka, almara Hippocrates, (karni na 129 kafin haihuwar Yesu) da Galen (Pergamum, ƙasar Turkiyya ta yanzu, 216-XNUMX) sun yi amfani da kalmar don gano ƙwararriyar ƙwaƙwalwar, don komawa zuwa abin da ake kira gani thalamus
Akwai wasu nassoshi da suka haɗa kalmarko kuma tare da addini, wurin wurin maganganu ne a cikin haikalin. Hakanan a cikin tsire-tsire an gano shi a matsayin ɓangare na fure. Kuma a cikin wallafe-wallafen alamomin alamomin kalmar suna da yawa.
Thalamus gabobi ne wanda yake cikin kwayar halittar kwakwalwar dabbobi, tare da banbancinsa iri daban-daban daga wani jinsi zuwa wani. Yanzu, a cikin yanayin halin mutum na jikin mutum, ana kiransa muhimmin yanki na kwakwalwa thalamus. Ya zama babban tsari wanda yake a tsakiyar kwakwalwa, yana da manyan bangarori biyu na oval wadanda suke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tace azanci, wadannan hanyoyin biyu suna da alaƙa da haɗin interthalamic.
Har ila yau, thalamus an raba shi zuwa tsakiya na neuronal 80. Hakanan an san shi azaman ɓangare na asali na diencephalon. Thearshen yana cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa da kuma ɓangaren sama na ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, yana zaune a cikin dukkan ƙwanƙolin ƙwaƙwalwar. Diencephalon ya kunshi thalamus, da hypothalamus (wanda yake a karkashin na farko) da sauran kananan sassan.
Estructura
A tsari, nau'ikan nuclei guda uku za'a iya bayyana su a cikin wannan cunkoson ɗinƙwallen ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar launin toka:
- Specific dangane tsakiya. Wanne aika bayanan azanci zuwa takamaiman yankuna na ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwararru ta ƙware wajen sarrafa bayanan da suka isa takamaiman shugabanci.
- Nuni mai ma'ana. Suna aika bayanai zuwa yankuna masu fadi da yawa na kwakwalwar kwakwalwa ba tare da kafa bambance-bambance ko wariyar jinsi na musamman ba.
- Nucleungiyoyin haɗin kai. Ya zama keɓaɓɓiyar kewayawa wanda ya haɗu da kwakwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa tare da sifofi masu juzu'i.
Ana iya magana da su game da yankuna na thalamic wanda hakanan kuma za'a iya raba shi don karatu:
- Yankin baya: gaban tsakiya (NA)
- Yankin karkara: ƙananan kwakwalwa na baya (VA), tsakiya na tsakiya (VL), tsakiya na baya na baya (VP): kwakwalwa na baya-baya (VPM) da na bayan kwakwalwa (VPL)
- Yankin baya: pulvinar da jinsi (na tsakiya da na gefe)
- Yankin tsakiya: tsakiya na tsakiya (MD), tsakiya na tsakiya (CM)
- Baya yankin: tsakiya na tsakiya (LD), tsakiya na bayan baya (LP)
- Sauran yankuna: intralaminar nuclei (wanda yake a tsakiya medullary lamina),
- Thalamic reticular nuclei (suna hutawa akan satar zaren da ke kewaye da thalamus).
Uwayoyi
Idan muka shiga cikin bayanan neuronal sai muka ga cewa thalamus hadadden kayan maye ne masu yawa tare da ayyuka na musamman, dukkansu, a takaice, neurons da glial cells. Kamar kowane ɓangare na kwakwalwa, thalamus daidai ne idan yana haɗe da wasu yankuna na tsarin juyayi, kuma wannan yana bayyana a cikin nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda suka tsara shi.
Nau'o'in jijiyoyin a cikin thalamus sune kamar haka
- Interasashen waje. Waɗannan suna da alhakin musamman don yin bayanan da ya zo daga wasu sassan tsarin juyayi da aka sarrafa a cikin thalamus, ya canza shi zuwa sabon jerin bayanai. Sabili da haka, babban aikinta shine aika turawar jijiyoyin zuwa ga wasu mahaɗan mahaɗan cikin thalamus. Sun hada da 25% na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin thalamus.
- Neuirƙirar ƙira. Wadannan suna da alhakin aika bayanai zuwa gefen thalamus, zuwa ga kwakwalwar kwakwalwa. Sun kasance 75% na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na thalamic.
Ayyukan Thalamus
Aikin asali na thalamus shine kamar haka: da farko, yana da alhakin haɗa dukkan bayanan azanci da aka gabatar zuwa ga kwakwalwar kwakwalwa. Daga can ne take daukar nauyin isar da sako, yada mafi yawan bayanan da suka isa wannan bangaren kwakwalwar, banda hada dukkan hanyoyin azanci, na bada damar ko hana hangen nesa zuwa wasu lobes ko wasu shafuka.
Yana da mahimmanci la'akari da mahimmancin thalamus don kiyaye ayyukan kwastomomi. Kar ka manta cewa shi ma yana da alhakin watsa bayanai daga cerebellum da striatum zuwa ga kwakwalwar kwakwalwa.
Wadannan biyun sune cibiyoyin da ke tsara hanyoyin mota masu saukowa na kwakwalwar kwakwalwa. A takaice, kusan duka bayanan motsa jiki na azanci yana jujjuya thalamus kafin ya isa inda aka nufa, da bawo. Yana kuma daidaita bacci, faɗakarwa, da farkawa.
Thalamic cututtuka
Sanin ayyukan sannan zamu iya gano lalacewa ko kauna akan thalamus. Lalacewa ko haɗari ga thalamus na iya faruwa saboda: neoplasms, lalacewar lalacewa, ischemia, rauni na jini, rauni.
Nazarin ilimin cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan thalamic yana ma'amala da sensorimotor, cerebellar, cututtukan oculomotor da haɗin gwiwa. Rarraba cikin magana da ƙwaƙwalwa, rikicewa cikin hankali, da raunin ƙyalli sun fita waje. Raunuka a hagu thalamus an bayyana a cikin rikicewar harshe, Sabanin haka, raunin da ya faru ga thalamus na dama yana haifar da lahani kamar rashin son mota da hagu mai kulawa. Yanzu raunin thalamic ba koyaushe yake da tasiri a cikin sauye-sauye na fahimi ba, a yawancin lokuta idan suka bayyana akai-akai suna wucewa. Cutar thalamic ta biyu ita ce ke haifar da mutism da tabin hankali.
Alamu da alamomin lalacewar thalamic sune:
- Asarar azanci shine: Rauni ga ƙananan kwakwalwa da ƙananan kwakwalwa (VPL da LP) na haifar da asarar dukkan nau'ikan jin daɗi, gami da taɓawa mai kyau, gano wuri da nuna bambanci, da tsoka da haɗin gwiwa a ɓangaren kishiyar jiki.
- Ciwon Thalamic: Bayan rauni na thalamic, yawancin ma'anar ana fassara su azaman kwatsam da matsanancin zafi wanda ke faruwa a ɓangaren kishiyar jiki, don martani ga sauƙaƙan lamuran.
- Movementsungiyoyin motsa jiki mara kyau: Choreoathetosis tare da ataxia na iya faruwa. Ataxia na iya tashi sakamakon asarar ƙarfin tsoka da motsi na haɗin gwiwa wanda rauni ya haifar.
- Hannun Thalamic: Unƙun hannu yana lafaɗa da sassauƙa, metacarpophalangeal mai lankwasawa da haɓakawa tsakanin juna, ana iya motsa yatsu a raye, amma suna jinkiri
- Mai haƙuri mai haƙuri: Saboda rauni ga VPL da LP nuclei. Marasa lafiya suna matsawa zuwa ɓangaren da abin ya shafa ta amfani da ayyukan ɓarna a ɓangaren da abin bai shafa ba.
Ayyuka da yawa na iya shafar ayyukan Thalamic. Wadannan sun hada da bugun jini, rauni, da ciwace-ciwace. Sauran cututtukan cuta ko cututtuka cewa shafi thalamus da daidaituwa sune cututtukan tsoka, cututtukan Parkinson da cutar Hutchinson. Waɗannan yanayi suna bayanin tashoshin jijiya a cikin thalamus waɗanda ke lalacewa, katsewa ko jinkirta bayanin da ke ciki.
Ciwon ciki
Isaukar hoto wajibi ne don ganin lalacewar thalamus. Da Magnetic magon fuska (NMR) y lissafin hoto (CT), ana amfani da waɗannan mafi yawanci yayin nazarin kayan laushi na kwakwalwa.
La Kwayar Kwayar Tsarin Positron (PET) kayan aiki ne mai kyau. Ta hanyar wadannan cututtukan guda uku, ana iya kama kowane irin mummunan yanayi a cikin sifa, girma da ƙimar thalamus waɗanda suke alamun lalata ko cuta.
Maganin ciwo na Thalamic
Alamomin cututtukan ciwo na thalamic na iya inganta tsawon lokaci, duk da haka, sau da yawa, ciwon da ciwon da ke tattare da shi na ci gaba. Saboda haka, tsawon lokacin jiyya yana da tsayi sosai kuma gwaji da kuskure shine kawai hanyar da za'a bi zuwa ga magani. Saboda yanayin ciwo, masu sauƙin ciwo ba su da ƙarfi don haifar da wani taimako mai mahimmanci da tabbatacce.
Sabili da haka, sauƙaƙe sauƙaƙe tare da wasu ƙwayoyi. A cikin mawuyacin hali, inda ba za a iya jurewa da zafi ba, zaɓuɓɓuka don gudanar da shi na iya zama daban-daban, kamar su famfunan da suke dasa shi kai tsaye a cikin kashin baya don yin magani, lalata tiyatar wani ɓangare na thalamus, ko zurfin ƙwaƙwalwar kwakwalwa.
Yanzu, waɗannan maganin ba su bada garantin cikakken sakamako, waɗanda aka samu da kuma matakin taimako ya bambanta ga marasa lafiya daban-daban waɗanda ke shan waɗannan maganin. Kamar yadda wuya kamar yadda maganin yake kuma tabbatar da ganewar asali na cututtukan ciwo na thalamic. Wannan galibi ana yin sa ne ta ƙwararren ƙwararren likitan jijiyoyi wanda ya riga ya kula da marasa lafiya da yawa na cutar bugun jini