Menene tsarin cancanta? Asali, halaye da dabaru

Don biyan buƙatarsa ​​ta bayanin yanayin da ke tattare da shi, ɗan adam ya kirkiro na'urori don bayyana abubuwan da ke faruwa a karkashin abin da ya lura da su, ta yin amfani da kyakkyawar wakilci ta hanyar dabaru da lambobi, duk da haka, ba duk Ana iya bayyana abubuwan da ke faruwa ta wannan hanyar ba, kuma ba duk masu bincike suke jin dadi ba yayin hadawa da kuma bayyana kansu dangane da lambobi, saboda wannan dalilin ne aka kirkiro da tsarin cancanta, domin rufe wadancan bangarorin da suka tsere wa tsarin lissafi, wannan shine yanayin dabi'ar mutumtaka, tunda tana dauke da factor yawanci watsi a cikin ilimin lissafi hanya, wanda yake shi ne fahimta na yawan jama'a, wanda ke ba da hangen nesa, wanda ke da mahimmanci a cikin cikakken binciken, yana rufe dukkan kusurwoyin da za a iya.

Nazarin cancanta na yanayin ɗabi'a ne, tunda babban abin auna shi ne fahimtar mutane a cikin jama'ar da ke karatu, ko waɗanda suka ga abin da za a kimanta.

Asalin hanyoyin cancanta

Hanyar cancanta, kamar yadda kalmar ta nuna, tana neman ayyana halaye na wasu abubuwan ban sha'awa, amma, Ta yaya kuka fara amfani da wannan hanyar? Asalin binciken kwastomomi yana da tsaffin al'adu a cikin al'adun Greco-Latin kuma an san bangarori daban-daban na wannan hanyar a cikin ayyukan Herodotus da Aristotle.

A yunƙurin kusantar da ilimin zamantakewar al'umma zuwa ga fannin kimiyya, an yi ƙoƙari ta hanyoyi daban-daban don daidaita waɗannan yankuna zuwa kayan aiki da hanyoyin aunawa; A saboda wannan dalili, a lokacin wannan matakin, rikice-rikice da tattaunawa suna faruwa game da takaddun ilimin ilimin ilimin zamantakewa, haɗin ilimi da aiki. Tare da shudewar lokaci, wata sabuwar hanyar bincike ta bayyana, wanda ke da tasirin ilimin halayyar dan adam, wannan yana haifar da sabon hankali da kuma yarda da sabbin hanyoyin.

Koyaya, ya kasance tsakanin 1960s zuwa 1970s, tare da haɓakar ilimin zamantakewar al'umma, inda ƙirar bincike, ta wannan ɗabi'ar, ba ta kai ga ma'anar lissafi ba, an fara aiwatar da hanyoyin ƙwarewa. Babban ilimin ilimin da ya haifar da amfani da hanyoyin wannan yanayin shine ilimin halayyar dan adam da zamantakewar al'umma, kuma ta wannan hanyar, a hankali, tsarin cancantar ya fara haɓaka.

Ayyukan

• Yana tattara bayanai marasa daidaituwa waɗanda baza'a iya fuskantar su ta hanyar adadi da / ko na lissafi ba.
• Ya dogara ne akan yabawar mutane.
• Ta hanyar lura kai tsaye da nazarin bayanan da aka bayar, ana nazarin duniyar gaske don kafa ka'ida.
• Ba sa aiki ta hanyar gwada tsinkaye.
• Ba a bayyana tsarin bincike koyaushe a bayyane bayan an tashi matsalar, saboda hanyoyinta ba su da takamaiman matsayin tsarin adadi da tambayoyin bincike ba koyaushe ake bayyana su sosai ba.
• Ana gudanar da ƙarin bincike mai sassauci.
• Mai binciken ya shiga kwarewar mahalarta kuma ya gina ilimi, koyaushe ya san cewa yana daga cikin abin da aka yi nazari akai.
• Ba sa neman zaɓin gama gari sakamakon wata hanya mai yuwuwa, irin wannan binciken yana haifar da sakamakon buɗewa.
• Babu magudi ko motsa gaskiyar, don haka kimanta yanayin ci gaban al'amuran.

Hanyoyin bincike

Ya kamata a lura cewa, kodayake yawanci tattara bayanai da bincike yawanci ana gudanar dasu ne a matakai daban-daban, a zahiri, a cikin irin wannan hanyar, waɗannan ayyukan biyu suna da alaƙa da juna. A cikin nazarin yanayin ilimin lissafi, a gefe guda, samun bayanai yana kan bincikensu ne, kuma zai yi wuya a gudanar da dukkan ayyukan a lokaci guda; Koyaya, a cikin binciken ƙwararru ana ɗauka cewa waɗannan matakai biyu koyaushe suna da alaƙa, ko ma a ɗauke su a matsayin ɓangare na aiki ɗaya, tunda mai binciken dole ne ya bincika kuma yayi nazarin yadda yake hulɗa da tushen da ya samar musu, ɗaukar wannan, bayanan bayanan filin game da fassarar da ake samarwa, wanda har ma zai iya buɗe sabbin fannoni don nazari ko bincika. A sakamakon haka, gudanar da kayan aikin tattara bayanai yana bude sabbin damammaki, sakamakon da ba zato ba tsammani, ko al'amuran da suka kunno kai.

Daga cikin kayan aikin da mai binciken da ke gudanar da bincike mai inganci yake da su, akwai:

Tambayoyi 

Sun kunshi tattaunawa tsakanin mutane biyu ko sama da haka, inda mahalarta suka dauki matsayin aiki guda biyu da aka fayyace, daya daga cikinsu yana son samun bayanai daga abokin maganarsa, don haka ya yi tambayoyi da dama sannan ya fara tattaunawa.

Ba a dauki tattaunawar a matsayin tattaunawa ta al'ada ba, amma ana danganta ta da dabi'a, tare da niyya, wacce ke dauke da manufofi bayyanannu wadanda aka hada da su a cikin bincike. La'akari da tsarinsu da tsarinsu, zamu iya cewa an sanya su kamar haka:

• Tsara: Yana bukatar tsara yadda hirar zata bunkasa, ana shirya tambayoyin da za'a gabatar, kuma yayin aiwatar da ita mai tattaunawar ya zama mai daidaitawa, yana hana ci gaban kaucewa daga abin da aka tanada a cikin shirin. Yana da halin sarrafa tambayoyin rufe (ee, a'a ko amsar da aka ƙaddara).  
• Semi-tsari: An ƙaddara a gaba menene bayanin dacewa da kuke son samu. An gabatar da buɗaɗɗun tambayoyi, buɗe mai tambayoyin don zurfafawa cikin amsar, yana ba da damar tattaunawa tsakanin batutuwa, amma yana buƙatar babban kulawa daga mai binciken don samun damar gabatar da batutuwan da ke sha'awa.
• Ba shi da tsari: Ba tare da rubutun da ya gabata ba, kuma duk da samun bayanan da suka gabata game da batun, maƙasudin wannan hira shine don samun cikakken bayani yadda ya kamata. Ganawar tana ginawa yayin da take ci gaba, kuma martani da halayen masu tattaunawar suna da muhimmiyar rawa a cikin aikin. Yana buƙatar babban shiri daga ɓangaren mai binciken, a baya yana tattara duk abin da ya shafi batutuwan da aka tattauna.

Ana shirin hira

Nasarar aiwatar da wannan tsarin ingantaccen kayan aikin ya ta'allaka ne akan tsarawa, saboda haka yana da mahimmanci a bayyane game da manufar sa, da kuma ayyana abin da muke son samu ta hanyar sa. Matakan da za a bi wajen shirya hira an bayyana su a ƙasa:

1. Ayyade manufofin: Me muke bukatar mu sani? Don bayyana wannan yanayin, takaddun bayanai kan fannonin da za a kula da su yana da mahimmanci.
2. Gano masu tambayoyin: bayyana halayen jama'a da muke buƙatar aiwatar da binciken, kuma zaɓi wanda bayaninsa ya dace da yanayin binciken.
3. Yi tambayoyin: amfani da harshe wanda mai magana da shi ke sarrafawa, yana fassara tambayoyin don kauce wa shubuha. Hanyar da aka tsara tambayoyin yana yanke hukunci cikin nasarar aikace-aikacen kayan aikin.
4. Wurin da za a yi tattaunawar: Yi la'akari da halaye masu dacewa don fifita ci gaban hirar. Guji abubuwa masu shagaltarwa wadanda ke hana ci gaban su.
5. Nau'in tambayoyi: Wadanne ne suka fi dacewa da manufar da aka gabatar? Shin zaku yi tambayoyin buɗewa, tambayoyin rufewa, ko haɗuwa duka?

Lura

Lura da abin da ke cikin binciken kai tsaye kayan aiki ne masu kima a wannan fagen, tunda yana ba mu bayani game da halayensa da abubuwan da suka shafe shi. Yana da ikon bayyanawa da bayyana halayya, bayan samun cikakkun bayanan amintattu wanda ya dace da halaye, al'amuran da / ko yanayin da aka gano kuma aka saka su a cikin ka'idar ka'ida.

Ayyukan

• Hanya ce ta ƙwarewa daidai da kyau, na gargajiya kuma a lokaci guda mafi yawan amfani.
• An kulla kyakkyawar dangantaka mai karfi tsakanin mai bincike da zamantakewar zamantakewar al'umma ko 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na zamantakewa, daga inda ake samun bayanai wanda daga nan ake hada su don gudanar da binciken.
• Ya dogara ne akan amfani da ma'anar gani, kuma yana buƙatar haɓaka ƙwarewar ilhama.

Rarraba tambayoyin da za a yi

Hakanan za'a iya rarraba tambayoyin gwargwadon abubuwan da suke ciki, yana nunawa:

• Tambayoyin ganewa: Su ne waɗanda suke so su yi tambaya game da halayen mutum na mai tambayoyin. Misali: shekaru, jima'i, sana'a, ƙasa, da sauransu.
• Takamaiman tambayoyi: Dangane da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru, nau'ikan tambayoyin da aka rufe ne.
• Tambayoyi game da aiki: Magana game da ayyukan waɗanda aka ba da amsa.
• Tambayoyin bayani: Suna ƙaddara bincike akan ilimin waɗanda aka amsa.
• Tambayoyi masu mahimmanci: Don sanin niyyar waɗanda suka amsa game da batun da ake magana akai.
• Tambayoyi game da Ra'ayi: Yana bawa mai amsa damar bayyana ra'ayinsu game da batun.
• Tarin takardu: Ana tattara bayanai daga tushe na biyu, waɗanda aka ayyana su kamar littattafai, wasiƙun labarai, mujallu, ƙasidu, da jaridu, ana ɗaukarsu azaman tushe don tattara bayanai kan masu canji na sha'awa.

Matakan fahimta

Don tabbatar da amincin bincike, a cikin irin wannan tsarin ana daukar matakai uku na karatu, inda ake gudanar da binciken abubuwa, dalilai da batutuwan da suka samar da asalin bayanin ta hanyar bin ka'idoji uku, don sami hangen nesa na gefe game da shi:

• Fahimtar batun: Ma'anar 'yan wasan yau da kullun ko mahalarta bincike. Ya dogara ne da halayen mutum na kowane mahaɗan da ke shiga, tun da fahimta da fahimta na kowane ɗan adam ya dogara ne da yanayin motsawar da dangantakar su da muhalli ke aiwatarwa, magabata da sauran abubuwan shaƙatawa.
• Fassarar fahimta: Ma'ana wanda mai binciken ya baiwa fahimtar mahalarta, ta hanyar zurfin nazari, wanda a ciki ake yin binciken duniya game da sakamakon da aka samu, da abubuwanda suka tabbatar da samun bayanai, da kuma halayyar batutuwa. lokacin samarda iri daya, da sauransu.
• Kyakkyawan fahimta: Ma'ana cewa mai binciken ya ba da haƙiƙanin gaskiyar yanayin. Ya dogara da fassarar abubuwan da suka gabata, wanda aka haɓaka a cikin fassarar fahimta.