Menene tsarin tsari? Marubuta, abubuwa da halaye

La ka'idar tsarin mulki, wanda kuma ake kira ilimin halayyar dan adam, wanda ya canza zamani: daga lokacin da aka kusanci shi, dan adam ya ga kansa a cikin halayyar halayyar sa dangane da wayewar sa da damar ci gaban sa.

Wannan ka'idar ilimin ta bunkasa a karni na XNUMX ta Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt da Edward Bradford Titchener, inda ake nazarin tunanin manya, ta hanyar hanyoyi kamar yin dubawa wanda zai baiwa mara lafiya damar zurfafa tunaninsu da abubuwan da suka gabata, don neman duk wani canjin da ke nuna karin bayani game da abubuwan da ke ciki na mutum duka a motsin rai. kuma a hankali.

Menene tsarin tsari?

Kalmar ilimin halin tsari, na nufin nazarin abubuwan da suka shafi hankali, yana da cikakkiyar hanyar falsafa wacce ba ta da takunkumi a cikin tunani daya kamar ilimin al'adu, ilimin harshe ko Markisanci.

Babban maƙasudin tsarin shine iya shiga cikin ilimin ɗan adam, ana ba da shawara don bincika takamaiman yanki, ya ce yanki an bayyana shi azaman cikakken tsarin tare da ɓangarorin da suka shafi juna, ma'ana, ingancin ciki na mai haƙuri shine da aka nemi ɗauka a matsayin tsari wanda hakan kuma yana da ma'ana a cikin al'ada kanta.

Ma'anar ita kanta wacce aka bayar da ita ga tsarin da aka fada tana da cikakken nazari da tambaya kafin haka, saboda wannan, ana amfani da hanyoyi kamar nazarin halin da mutum ke da shi a cikin rayuwar su ta yau da kullun.

Ayyuka na yau da kullun waɗanda basa nufin miƙa wuya ga damuwa ga ɓangaren mai haƙuri, gabaɗaya, ayyuka ne na yau da kullun waɗanda mutum ya riga ya aiwatar a rayuwarsu; Misali: yadda kuke hidimar hatsi, yadda kuke shirya wasu abinci, sau nawa kuke zuwa coci.

Labarin da tsarin tsarin ya kirkira ya kunshi karya duk wata ma'anar tsari kamar yadda ya samo asali daga ilimin “al'ada”. Wannan, bi da bi, yana fallasa buƙatar kawar da kowane tsarin kwandishana.

Daya daga cikin wadanda suka gabatar da kuma wadanda suka gabatar da wannan ka'idar shine masanin tarihin dan adam da kuma ilimin halayyar dan adam Claude Levi-Strauss, wanda ya binciki al'amuran al'adu kamar tatsuniya da tsarin dangi.

A gefe guda kuma, Bajamushe Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt, wanda ya mai da hankali sosai kan bunkasa ka'idar kuma yana cikin matakan farko na nazarinsa, ya yi tunanin yin gwaji a dakin bincikensa, inda ya dauki tuffa ya rubuta halayenta a kai. ga ka'idojin su: yaya apple, menene kamannin sa, wane dandano da laushi yake dashi a ciki ...

Amfani da ɗayan ƙa'idodin binciken azanci wanda ke yanke hukunci cewa kowane ƙwarewa mai ƙwarewa dole ne a bayyana shi cikin mafi kyawun halayen sa.

Wannan zai tabbatar da cewa mutum ya kuduri aniyar sanya himma sosai cikin bincike, kuma ba wai kawai sanya alama abu kamar yadda yake da ido ba.

Wundt 

WMaximilian Wundt, ya kasance Bajamusheen masanin halayyar dan adam, masanin kimiyyar lissafi da kuma falsafa. Ci gaba na farko gwaji dakin gwaje-gwaje a Leipzig. A cikin wannan birin malamin jami'a ne na Edward Bradford Titchener wanda daga baya ya daga ka'idar tsarin yadda ya dace da gwaje-gwajen, kasidu da ra'ayoyin da aka yi karatu tare da malamin nasa.

Wundt yana da alaƙa da tsohuwar adabi da alaƙarta da aiwatar da irin waɗannan hanyoyin binciken. Wundt yayi bayani akan ingancin da aka danganta ga abubuwan da aka kimanta a ƙarƙashin gilashin ƙara girman ikon sarrafawa da waɗanda aka yi karatu a ƙarƙashin igiyar ilimin falsafa, wanda a wannan yanayin ya kira tsarkakakken bincike.

titchener

Edward B. Titchener masanin halayyar ɗan Burtaniya ne, wanda ɗalibi ne Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt, wanda zai zama jagorarsa a duk rayuwarsa kuma ya karfafa shi ya tona asirinsa ga duniya. A cikin shekarun sa na manya, ya koma Amurka, inda ya fi kowa samun nasara.

Ana daukar sa a matsayin wanda ya kirkiro tsarin, ya kasance mai zurfin tunani, a lokacin da ya zo Amurka yayi kuskuren gabatar da malamin nasa kamar haka, wanda ya rikita jama'ar Amurka sosai, tunda a wannan bangare na duniya, a'a ya wanzu a banbanci tsakanin sani da suma.

Gaskiyar lamarin Wundt shine ba zai iya bayyana ma'anar zurfafa tunani a matsayin ingantacciyar hanya don isa ga sume ba, tunda ya fahimta azaman dubawa ne ga ƙwarewar hankali wanda bashi da tasirin abubuwan waje.

Ya rarraba tsarin ne gwargwadon abubuwan da ake iya gani ko halayen da suka dace da na kimiyya, duk wani abu da ake ganinsa a matsayin wani lamari na yanzu amma wanda ba a tantance asalinsa ko ingancinsa ba, dole ne a watsar da shi daga jama'a.

Halaye na tsarin tsari

• Sanarwa: Ya kasance a cikin duk matakan binciken, yana da mahimmanci don ƙayyade halin mai haƙuri gwargwadon abubuwan da suka gabata. Ya kamata a lura cewa faɗan abin lura ba zai iya tsoma baki a kowane lokaci tare da hangen nesan mutum ba.
• Harshe a matsayin tsarin: Wannan halin yanzu yana ɗaukar yare a matsayin tsari, ma'ana, ba a keɓe shi daga kowane abu gabaɗaya ba.
• Bayani mai ma'ana: ana nazarin halayyar mutum a ƙarƙashin bincika don yin cikakken bayanin kowane tsari, canji da ƙwarewar da iri ɗaya ke faruwa.
• Hanyar tasiri: kwarewar muhalli ko mahallin an bar shi gefe, ana yin ka'ida daga nazarin jiki kamar haka.
• Nazarin tsarin: Ana amfani da kalmomin da zasu dace da bukatun mutum, saboda wannan ya zama dole a tantance matakan da kuma fayyace ra'ayoyi gwargwadon raka'a a tsarin tsari.
• Ancecedentes: Kamar kowane abu na yanzu ko na karatu, yana da magabata, a wannan lokacin ana tsara tsarin tsari ta hanyar tasirin wanzuwar mutum, ba kamar falsafa ba, amma azaman haifuwa ne ga haihuwar ka'idar tsari.
• Hanyar hanyoyin: Kodayake hanyar tana da ra'ayoyi da ra'ayoyin falsafa da ake la'akari da su, hakan ba yana nufin cewa za'a iya sanya shi a matsayin makaranta ba, maimakon haka dole ne a aiwatar da shi tare da hangen nesa don nazarin halin kasancewa.  
• Yanayi da dangantaka: Tsarin halitta an haifeshi ne a cikin akidar Markisanci da aiki, yana raba kamance ta yadda dukkaninsu suke raba ra'ayoyi da ra'ayoyi a wajen ilimin kimiyya.
• Tsarin mulki da adabi: A cikin wannan fasaha, tsarin tsari yana neman nazarin kowane tsarin da aka rarraba a cikin sakin layi ko shafi don yin kwatanci tsakanin tsofaffin ayyuka, na wasu al'adu da mahallin.

Ilimin halin dan adam na sani

Don zurfafa zurfafawa cikin nazarin ilimin halayyar mutum na kansa, tsarin tsari yana dogara ne akan amfani da hanyoyin bincike da ƙwarewa masu zuwa:

Gabatarwa

Titchener yayi amfani da tsinkaye a matsayin babban hanyar karatu, don haka cimma daidaituwar dukkanin abubuwanda aka sani, wanda ya zama mutum gwargwadon bukatun kowane mutum.

Ya bayyana cewa yanayin farkawa na iya zama hanyar ilimi mara iyaka da nan da nan, ta hanyar dubawa kasancewar ita kanta.

Ba kamar hanyar dubawa da Wundt ya aiwatar ba, wanda yake sama-sama ne, Titchener ya kasance tsari ne gaba daya, an bayar da umarni masu tsauri don su sami damar bunkasa binciken game da sanin kasancewa, domin gabatar da cikakken bincike da cikakken bincike na hangen nesa. .

Kowace jarrabawa ta ƙunshi fuskantar mai haƙuri da wani abu, ba tare da musun asalinsa ba, rarrabuwa da amfani da shi, daga baya, dole mutum ya sami damar yin suna ko bayyana halaye na abin a cikin yanayin dubawa.

Sharadin kawai da aka sanya wa mara lafiyar shi ne rashin ambaton sunan abin a kowane lokaci, don ya shiga cikin wasu halaye nasa.

Abubuwan hankali

Titchener ya rarraba kowane ɗayan abubuwan hankali: abubuwan fahimta, abubuwan ra'ayoyi da abubuwan motsin rai, waɗannan ana iya raba su zuwa kayan su: inganci, ƙarfi, tsawon lokaci, tsabta da tsawo.

Hotuna da majiyai basu da tsabta, saboda haka ana iya ragargaje su azaman rukunin majiyai.

Wadannan abubuwa guda uku da aka ambata a baya, sun tabbatar da cewa kowane abin mamaki shine farkon.

Yana nufin cewa dukkan tunani a ƙarshe za'a iya raba shi zuwa majiyai, waɗanda ake kai su kawai kuma ta hanyar bincike kawai.   

Amfani da abubuwa

Hanya ta biyu a ka'idar Titchener ita ce cewa kowane ɗayan abubuwa masu hankali suna hulɗa da juna don ƙirƙirar ƙwarewar sani.

Jiki da tunanin mutum

Babban sha'awar Titchener shine ya iya danganta ayyukan jiki zuwa abubuwan da suka sani, menene canje-canjen da aka samu yayin binciken, Burtaniya ta ci gaba, cewa kowane aikin ilimin lissafi yana da alaƙa da introspection, cewa ba tare da irin wannan halayen ba, ana iya yin la'akari da tsari iri ɗaya. mara amfani ya kasa.

Tsarin mulki a cikin adabi

Tsarin gine-gine yana nazarin wallafe-wallafe azaman hanyar karatu ga mai haƙuri, mai mahimmancin tsari zai yi zurfin bincike akan kowane sakin layi wanda ya ƙunshi rubutu, ya kamata a san cewa aikin adabi na iya kasancewa na kowane nau'i, abu mai mahimmanci game da wannan aikin shine yin nazarin tsarin aikin sosai fiye da yadda yake a cikin labarin fiye da abinda yake ciki, wanda a wannan yanayin "bashi da amfani".

Makasudin wannan aikin shine don a iya kwatanta aikin da sifofin na wasu lokuta da al'adu don gano duk wata alaƙa ko alaƙa da abin da ake bincika.

Tsarin tsari a cikin zamani

Tsarin gine-gine ya ba da canji ga rayuwar yau da kullun na matsakaita, tare da isowar wannan ka'idar zuwa rayuwar yau da kullun waɗanda suka aiwatar da ita, ilimin kimiyyar ɗan adam ya bunƙasa sosai.

A wani lokaci, tarihi ya kai ga wata ma'ana ta daban da ta daban, mutum ya canza dabarun tsarin gaba daya, don haka ya sabunta sabbin hanyoyin nazari na halayyar mutum gwargwadon abubuwan da ya samu a tsawon rayuwarsa.

Hanyar nuna ɗabi'a ba ta kasancewa ta mallaki son zuciya da kyawawan dabi'u ba tare da tushen tushe na kimiyya ba. Yanzu mahimmancin zurfafa tunanin mutum ya sami cikakken matsayi don ya zama mai ɗawainiya a cikin dukkan ƙwarewar don ƙwarewar azancinsa.