Areananan kwayoyin halitta ne waɗanda zasu iya haɓaka a cikin kowane nau'i na muhalli, ban da kasancewarsu da siffofi da girma dabam-dabam, ƙwayoyin cuta ƙwayoyin halitta ne waɗanda ba su da ƙarfin mallakar cibiya, kuma suna auna kusan tsakanin micropeters 0,5 da 5 a tsayi.
Hannun sunadaran sunadaran sun dogara ne akan kwayoyin cuta, tunda suna iya aiwatar da yanayin nitrogen na yanayi, suna da ikon samun siffofi daban-daban kamar su vibrios, bacilli, cocci and spirilli. Shaƙatawa yana ɗayan mahimman hanyoyin aiki na kowane mai rai ko kwayar halitta, kuma suna iya numfasawa ta hanyoyi biyu: aerobically da kuma aerobically, duk ya dogara da nau'in da ake magana akansa da kuma yadda yake bunkasa.
Waɗannan suna daga cikin halittu masu yalwa a duk faɗin duniya, don sauƙin gaskiyar kasancewar ƙwayoyin eukaryotic, sabanin sauran rayayyun halittu kamar shuke-shuke, dabbobi, da sauransu. Ana canza kwayoyin cutar kuma an rarraba su gwargwadon fasalin su, wanda za'a bayar da takaitaccen bayanin kowanne daga cikinsu a kasa.
Menene nau'ikan kwayoyin cuta?
Vibararrawar
Suna da siffa mai kamanceceniya da na ɗigon ruwa, kamar na yin ƙararraki ko raguwar wata ko wanda aka fi sani da rabin wata. Suna da ikon samar da cututtuka, masu alaƙa da tsarin narkewar abinci da kwalara, da ke haifar da cutar ga mai cutar da amai har ma da gudawa, ana samun waɗannan a wuraren da ke ƙunshe da mafi ƙarancin ruwan tsayayyen ruwa da gishiri.
Bacilli
Wadannan ana siffanta su da samun kamannin sanda ko reshe. Hakanan sun kasu kashi biyu, wanda ya dogara da wani ingancin da zasu iya gabatarwa, da kuma masu zuwa:
- Babban Korau: kwayar cuta ce wacce bata da ikon bin bangon kwayar halitta, haka kuma bata sanya launin purple kamar yadda yadace da gran.
- Babban Gaskiya: wata kwayar cuta ce da ke iya manna kanta a bangon kwaleji da kuma yin tabo a cikin launin violet.
Saboda su kwayoyin cuta ne masu cutarwa, amma wasu lokuta basa iya haifar da cuta a jikin mai dauke dasu.
Kwakwa
Suna da siffar zobe, mai kama da ƙwallo, waɗanda ke iya samar da cututtuka irin su: pneumococcus da staph. Waɗannan kuma suna da nau'i biyu waɗanda aka rarraba su da fasalin su:
- Dabaru: su kwayoyin 4 ne tare (an raba su ta gefe daya).
- A diclones: kwayoyin cuta ne guda biyu, wadanda koyaushe suke tare, a hade-biyu.
- Sarcines: an san su da kasancewa cikin rukuni-rukuni.
Spirilla
Wadannan suna da karkace siffar, wanda za a iya alaka da eddies, Su ne mai matukar damuwa da muhalli kuma ana yada su kai tsaye, saboda a lokacin da suke yin mu'amala da muhallin da zasu iya mutuwa, wadannan sun fi duk wadanda ake yadawa ta hanyar jima'i, kamar su syphilis misali.
Kwayar cuta kuma tana da nau'ikan abubuwa daban-daban na maye, wannan ya samo asali ne daga rabe-raben kwayar halittar su, kuma sunadarin sunadarin, daga cikinsu akwai:
- Autotrophs: yana ɗauke da carbon dioxide kuma kuna samun tsarkakakken carbon.
- Phototrophs: Suna amfani da haske ta hanyar aikin hotuna kamar tsiro.
- Ciwon mahaifa: suna amfani da sinadarai don ciyar da kansu.
- Chemotrophs: Suna da halayyar aiwatar da dukkan nau'ikan numfashi, da kuma aerobic da anaerobic, ta hanyar aikin sunadarai wanda wannan kawai zai iya aiwatarwa.
Yana da mahimmanci a san cewa kwayoyin cuta suna da ikon haifuwa, kasancewar su kwayoyin halittar unicel, ba su da zabi sai dai su shiga wani tsari na kara girma ko girma, daga nan sai su yi wani bangare, inda DNA din ke yin kwafi kuma cytoplasm ya rarraba, wanda hakan ya haifar da wani sabon kwayar halitta daga gare ta, wanda galibi ana kiranta ɗiya mace. Koyaya, akwai wasu kwayoyin cuta wadanda kawai suke musanyar kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar rikitaccen tsari wanda ake kira conjugation na kwayan cuta.
Hanyar Numfashin Bacteria
Saboda basu da mitochondria, waxanda suke gabobin da ke da alhakin hada kuzari bisa ga aikin kwayar halittar, kwayoyin cuta suna amfani da membrane dinsu na plasma don numfasawa, amma akwai siffofin guda biyu, wadanda za'a bayyana anan:
Aerobic nau'i na kwayoyin numfashi
A wannan nau'in, kwayoyin suna amfani da cytoplasm kai tsaye don aiwatar da aikinsu na numfashi, kwayoyin cutar aerobic galibi basu da mitochondria, wannan dalilin ne yasa suke daukar iskar oxygen kai tsaye daga jikin membrane dinsu, wanda ke taimaka musu cire muhimmin makamashi daga glucose.
Hakanan yana amfani da glucose azaman madogarar kuzari, wannan babu shakka ta hanyar hadadden lalacewar sinadarai, wanda za'a iya bayanin sa a matakai biyu:
- Krebs sake zagayowar: aikin numfashi yana faruwa a cikin mitochondria tare da kasancewar oxygen.
- Jirgin lantarki: tsarin numfashi yana faruwa a cikin raunin mitochondria, wanda ke aiki azaman mai sakin makamashi.
- Cutar Glycolysis: ana aiwatar da numfashi na wannan aikin a cikin mitochondria ba tare da cancanci kasancewar iskar oxygen ba.
Hanyar anaerobic na numfashi na kwayoyin cuta
Saboda wannan nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta basu da sassan jikinsu don aiwatar da musayar iskar gas da ake buƙata, ana amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta na anaerobic ta hanyar aikin ƙanshi wanda a mafi yawan lokuta, idan ba duka ba, iskar oxygen na iya zama musu kisa.
Wannan yana haifar da a asarar oxygen a cikin kwayoyin. Yawancin nau'ikan numfashi na waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta ana samar dasu ta hanyar lactic ferment da kuma fermentation fermentation.
- Tabbataccen ferment: Babban abin da yake lalata shine madarar madara kuma yana da ikon canza sugars zuwa kuzarin kuzari wanda yake da mahimmanci ga rayuwarsa, kuma duk wannan aikin yana faruwa ne a cikin cytoplasm na sel.
- Gurasa na giya: Hanyar anaerobic ce wacce ake samarwa ta aikin yisti kuma bi da bi, suna da ikon canza sugars cikin giya.