Kamar yawancin ƙasashen Amurka, Mexico ta kasance wani yanki ne na mulkin mallaka na Spain wanda yayi shekaru 300, yana mulkin wannan ƙasar, tare da kawo mafi girman ɓata gari a duniya, amma bari mu fara daga farko, Ya kasance Hernan Cortes, wanda suke danganta shi cewa a farkon karni na 1519 ya jagoranci balaguron da ya kai shi ga cinye Mexico, kasancewar ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai nasara da wannan yanki mai girma. Shekarar 600 ta wuce, tana da maza sama da 11 waɗanda suka bar Cuba tare da nufin zuwa Yukatán, jiragen ruwa 16, dawakai 14 da kuma manyan bindigogi XNUMX.
Saduwar ku ta farko a Amurka Ya kasance a Cozumel da Tabasco, wata tashar jirgin ruwa mai mahimmanci, inda suka zauna suka ci Maya da yaƙis A can Cortés ya ɗora Kiristanci a matsayin addini, yana ba da umarnin lalata gumakan addinin da aka kafa a yankin.
Yaƙe-yaƙe ya ci gaba, yana mai da hankali kan yawan mutanen Tecnochtitlán, masarautar Aztec wacce Emperor Moctezuma II ke sarauta. Dangane da bayanin da Cortés ya sarrafa, wannan yankin ya adana ɗimbin dukiya don haka bugun sa bai yi rawar jiki ba don nutsar da jiragen ruwan da ke kwance a Veracruz, wannan don hana mutanensa jarabar dawowa saboda ƙarancin ƙarancin adadi da suke wakilta. A nan ne sanannen jumlar "ƙone jiragen ruwa" ya fito, wanda ke nufin ƙudurin da babu makawa. Duk wannan ya wuce imani da al'adu wanda har zuwa wannan lokacin ya mamaye wannan ƙasar ta Amurka ta Tsakiya. Don haka tawayen 'yan asalin ya taso, inda aka gan shi lalata sojojin Cortes wanda a kokarinsa na daidaita al'amuran ya sami nasarar sarki. Wancan lokacin na tarihi an san shi da "dare mafi bakin ciki" kuma hakan ya faru ne a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 1520, wannan shine yadda mamayar Spain ta mamaye yankin Aztec, ayyukan da ba shakka suka haifar da wasu har suka kai ga gamawar mamayar da mayar da Mexico zuwa New Spain.
Shekaru 300 na gwamnatin Sifen
Akwai shekaru 300 da suka shude inda gwamnatin Spain ta yi mulkin New Spain cikin sauki. Moreaya daga cikin mulkin mallaka na ƙasar Sifen, a gare su waɗannan yankuna dole ne su wadata da haɓaka tattalin arziƙin ƙasa, wato, samar da abin da babu a Spain, don haka suna da matuƙar iko a kan kasuwancin ƙasashen waje; Baya ga cakudaddun al'adu, tunda Mutanen Spain suka zo da baƙaƙen bayi tare da su, sun kuma kawo cututtukan da baƙon zuwa waɗannan yankuna, waɗanda ke shafar yawan mace-macen 'yan asalin ƙasar, wanda ya faɗi a cikin shekaru 30 na farko da kashi 90%.
Hakanan tasirin aikin nawa, bautar da encomiendas, ya haifar da wannan lambar masarautar za ta dauki matakai irin su hana encomiendas. Bambancin da ke cikin Meziko na taɓarɓarewa, manyan gidaje irin na Turai, manyan coci-coci, hanyoyin motoci, an gina lambuna. Amma don cimma "ginin" na New Spain, sai suka rusa kagarai, dala, gidajen ibada kuma suka nemi hanyar da za su rinjayi tunanin falsafa, gabatar da sauran addinai, amma, cin amanar da aka yi akan Creoles kuma a ɗaya hannun akan 'yan asalin mutane. kadan kadan yana haifar da rashin gamsuwa, don haka ya haifar da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda a wani lokaci suka tashi don nuna adawa da manufofin da ake ci.
Rikicin tawaye
Byarfafawa da abin da ke sama, an ƙirƙiri tushe don tayar da tarzoma a ɓangarorin biyu, da farko jaruman sun kasance thean asali ne kuma mestizos. Nunawa kamar yadda waɗanda aka sani suka faro a 1541 a Nueva Galicia, 1660 a Tehuantepec, 1670 a Yucatán, 1712 a Chiapas, 1797 a Teotitlán. A shekara ta 1565, saboda gajiyawa da iyakokin da Masarautar ta sanya a kan Creoles, su ma sun nuna rashin amincewa, bisa manufa saboda shawarar da aka ɗauka don hana encomienda. A shekara ta 1662, tashin hankali na asalin ƙasa da na mestizos ya sami ikon sarrafa garin Mexico na yini ɗaya. Yayin wannan aikin ƙone Fadar Viceregal, kuma komai yana nuni ga nasara, duk da haka, sun sami nasarar cin nasara kuma Mutanen Spain sun kashe shugabanninsu.
Tabbatar da dalilan samun 'yanci
Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, rashin jin daɗi yana mamaye mutanen Creoles da na 'yan asalin, amma, bisa ga tarihi, akwai dalilai na ciki da na waje waɗanda suka yanke hukunci don cin nasarar ƙasar Aztec.
A ciki, suna tabbatar da cewa ya rinjayi:
- Talaucin 'yan ƙasa da bayi, waɗanda ke da addinai daban-daban, don haka suka yi fatan a cire su daga waccan maudu'in da masarautar ke yi kuma hakan ya kai su ga lalata al'adun kakanninsu.
- Rashin daidaito na tattalin arziki da zamantakewar mazauna, waɗanda aka raba su ta hanyar aji. Yayin da wasu suka yi taƙama, wasu kuma an wulakanta su.
- Desin kama-karya da girman kai na Turawa dangane da Creoles waɗanda suka wulakanta kusan iri ɗaya da na asali da bayi. Waɗannan da aka haifa a cikin yankin sun ji kamar ba su da kyau ga Mutanen Espanya, don haka suka nuna ƙishin ƙasa suka fara ƙulla makircin..
Wannan a matakin gaba ɗaya, amma ana iya ƙayyade waɗanda suka yi aiki a kan haciendas basu karbi albashi ba. Maimakon haka, sun sami bashin rai har ma bayan mutuwa saboda an gada.
En A cikin New Spain akwai zambos, mulattos, 'yan asalin ƙasar, mestizos, duk suna rayuwa a ƙarƙashin bautar kuma an wulakanta su da gaskiyar rashin haihuwar su a Spain.. Duk ba tare da togiya ba bayi ne ba tare da wata 'yar karamar fata ta rayuwa kai tsaye ba, a gefe guda, akwai dalilai na waje waɗanda suka tayar da buƙatar rabuwa da Masarautar.
A ka'ida, labarin yana nuni da samun 'yanci na mulkin mallaka na Amurka 13 (Amurka), wanda Burtaniya ta mamaye. Arangamar ta fara ne a cikin 15, wanda aka gano a matsayin yaƙi mai wahala wanda ya ƙare a 183. Waɗannan abubuwan sun yi tasiri sosai a kan sauran ƙungiyoyin zamantakewar, kamar na Mexico, da ƙungiyoyin sasantawa daga sauran yankuna a Latin Amurka.
Daga baya, har ma da tasirin independenceancin mulkin mallaka na ƙasashe 13, Juyin Juya Halin Faransa ya zo Spain a wani lokacin ɓarkewa. Napoleon Bonaparte ne ya mamaye a shekarar 1808, ya maye gurbin masarautar Charles na hudu. Wannan ya raunana ikon da suke yi a kan mulkin mallaka, saboda haka, gaskiyar abin da Amurkawa suka yi amfani da shi don aiwatar da yunƙurin 'yancin kai; A wancan lokacin akwai bangarori biyu masu sha'awar samun 'yanci: kungiyoyin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya wadanda ke da nasaba da manyan filaye da coci, da kuma Creoles wadanda suke membobin karamar malamai da sojoji masu matsakaicin matsayi.
Wani tasirin tasirin na waje wanda za a iya ambata, kuma wataƙila shi ne na farko, shi ne na masana falsafa na Haskakawar Turai, a cikinsu waɗanda aka ambata Rousseau, Voltaire da Montesquieu. Wannan ya sanya wa littattafan da suka yi game da su: dokoki, rarrabe iko, al'adu da halayyar kasashe, ikon mallakar mutane, da sauransu, duk wannan ya ba da ra'ayin yadda ya kamata kasa ta kasance tana aiki inda akwai hakki da hakkokin 'yan kasa da gwamnati. , Lokacin da aka san waɗannan rubuce-rubucen, sun nuna tasirin duniya, musamman a cikin yan mulkin mallaka waɗanda suka rayu ta hanyar biyan aji da tsarin amfani da su.
A cikin 1810, wayewar gari a ranar 16 ga Satumba, ƙarshen mulkin mallaka a Meziko ya fara, inda mazauna wurin suka fara rubuta naka labarin. Sun kasance shekaru 11 da suka shude tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe da arangama; haifar da rauni a cikin sojojin. A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1821, Sojojin Trigarante a hukumance sun kawo karshen gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin Mexico.