Nhoroondo dudziro dzeacid uye mabhesheni

Kwenguva yakareba, zvinhu zvine hunhu hwakakosha zvine chekuita nekufarira zvakave zvichizivikanwa uye zvichishandiswa, izvo zvino zvinozivikanwa seacids uye mabheseni, ayo anotsanangurwa seakajairika makemikari reagents, kune iro chikamu chikuru chinogona kugadzirwa. makemikari makemikari mune aqueous media.

Pane zvimwe maitiro anosanganisira acids uye mabhesheni, inonzi acid-base, iyo kuitira kuti uiongorore, misimboti yemakemikari yakaenzana inofanira kushandiswa kune mhinduro, mumhando iyi yekuita pane chinhu chinotamba chinonyanya kukosha, icho chinonzi solvent, sezvo acids uye mabhesi Kazhinji kuchinjana mapurotoni nacho, nekuda kweizvi izvi zvinogona kunzi maitiro ekuchinja kwema proton.

Munguva dzekare zvaitozivikanwa kuti zvimwe zvekudya zvakaita sevhiniga uye ndimu zvine hunhu hweacid, kunyangwe hazvo pakanga pasati pava nemazana mashoma emakore apfuura pandakaziva chikonzero chekunaka kwayo. Izwi rekuti asidi rinobva mururimi rwechiLatin rwekare, chaizvo kubva pazwi raro "acidus" iro rinoshandura seinovava.

Chii chinonzi acids?

Izvi zvinodaidzwa senge chero chemubatanidzwa chemakemikari iyo kana ichifamba nenzira yekunyungudika mumvura inogadzira mhinduro ine hydronium cation chiitiko chakakura kupfuura mvura imwechete mune yayo yakachena mamiriro, mune ino mamiriro pH yakaderera pane 7 inoratidzwa.

Chero chinhu chemakemikari chine zvivakwa zveacid chinonzi acidic zvinhu.

Unhu hweasidhi

Pakati pezvakakosha zvinhu uye hunhu hweacids zvinotevera.

• Ivo vane hunhu hwekuita nezvinhu zvinonzi mabheseni, kuitira kuti vagadzire munyu pamwe nemvura.
• Izvo zvinoparadza zvakanyanya nekuda kwezvinhu zvavo.
• Ivo vanoshanda seakanakisa makondakita emagetsi munzvimbo ine unyoro kana aqueous nharaunda
• Vane yakasarudzika yakasviba kana yakasviba kuraviraMuenzaniso weizvi unogona kunge uri chikafu chine citric acid senge maorenji, marimu, michero, ndimu, pakati pevamwe.
• Vanogona kugadzirisa nesimbi oxides kuti vagadzire munyu pamwe nemvura, sekuita kwavanoita nezvinhu zvepasi.
• Mune zvimwe zviitiko zvinogona kukuvadza, uye kunyange kukonzera kupisa kweganda.
• Iyo ine kugona kuburitsa munyu uye hydrogen kuburikidza neyekuita maitiro neanoshanda simbi.
• Iine hunhu hunoita phenolphthalein, uyezve inogona kukonzera litmus pepa kushandura mavara, semuenzaniso kubva kuorenji kuenda kutsvuku, uye kubva kubhuruu kuenda kupinki.

Ndeapi Mabhesi?

Izvi zvinozivikanwa zvakare sealkali, iyo mavambo ayo anobva mururimi rweArabic, chaizvo kubva mushoko "Al-Qaly", ivo vanodanwa sevaya vese zvinhu zvine alkaline zvivakwa, kunyangwe ichigona zvakare kutemerwa seyese mhinduro iyo kana yaiswa kumvura ine mhinduro inopa ions kune iyo svikiro.

Hunhu hwezvigadziko

Boyle akaona kuti zvinhu izvi ndeavo vese vane zvinhu zvinotevera.

• Kune iyo inobata zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti ivo vane sipo mune zvakasikwa.
• Ivo vanozivikanwa nekusiyana kwavo kwakashata kuravira.
• Ivo vane iyo kugona kuita nemaacids, kuitira kugadzira munyu uye yakawanda mvura.
• Vanogona kushandura litmus bepa kubva kutsvuku kuenda kubhuruu.
• Ivo akanyungudika mumvura, kunyanya kana zvasvika kune mahydroxide.
• Iyo yakawanda kwazvo yezvinhu zvinonzi zvepasi zvinhu zvinokuvadza kune ganda remunhu, nekuti zvine hunhu hunokanganisa nyama.

Kunyangwe Boyle nevamwe vakuru vemakemikari vakaedza kanoverengeka kuti vatsanangure nei maaseti uye mabheseni achizvibata nenzira yakadaro, dudziro yekutanga yeacid uye mabhesheni haina kugamuchirwa kusvika makore mazana maviri gare gare.

Acid-base maitiro

Iyo inozivikanwawo seyakaregedza maitiro, inonzi semakemikari maitiro anoitika pakati peacid uye hwaro hunoguma nemunyu nemvura. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti izwi remunyu rinotsanangura chero kemikari ine ionic hunhu, iyo cation inobva kuneimwe hwaro.

ari neutralization maitiro, umo panofanira kugara paine kuvapo kweacids uye mabheseni, iwo ari mune akawanda mamiriro anotyisa, zvinoreva kuti vanoburitsa simba mumaitiro avo, izvi zvinodaidzwa kunongedza nekuti kana asidi ichibatanidzwa nechigadziko, izvi zvinopindirana , vachisiya zvivakwa zvavo zvisina basa.

Acid-base reaction maitiro

Kutanga neyakareruka maitiro maitiro, zvinodikanwa kuve neErlenmeyer flask, mune iyo hydrochloric acid solution inoiswa, uyezve iwo madonhwe mashoma e phenolphthalein chiratidzo chinowedzerwa, inoshanduka pingi mune yepakati svikiro, asi kana iri inowanikwa mune acid svikiro uye haina kuratidza chero ruvara, saka haina ruvara.

Acid uye base neutralizers inogadzirwa zvakaenzana, kureva kuti, "yakaenzana-yakaenzana", izvi zvinoreva kuti yakaenzana neacid ichagara isina kukanganiswa zvachose neyakaenzana nerudzi rupi nerupi rwechigadziko.

Mushure mekuita kwakapfuura, mhinduro ye sodium hydroxide inoiswa mu burette uye nekuchenjerera uye zvishoma nezvishoma kuvhura pombi, painenge ichidonha zvishoma nezvishoma, ichaita nehydrochloric acid kugadzira mvura uye kloride. Yesodium, Izvi zvine mhedzisiro yekuti PH inowedzera, uye iyo asidhi mazinga anoderera.

Kamwe iyo asidhi yashandiswa kumusoro, rinotevera donhwe rebhesi rinowedzerwa kune yakasarudzika mhinduro, nemhedzisiro yekuti chinongedzo chinoshanduka pingi, izvi zvinoshanda kuona kuti iyo acid yakave isina kukwana zvachose.

Kazhinji, huwandu hwegiramu hwakaenzana hunofunga nezve mhando yezvinhu, izvi imhaka yekuti zvinhu zvakasiyana, imwe neimwe iine hunhu hwayo, semuenzaniso kuverenga kwemunyu hakuna kufanana neiyo asidi, zvakare tichifunga nezve mhando yekuita kuri kuitwa, nekuti zvinoenderana nerudzi rwekuita iwo madimitiro ezvinhu acho akasiyana, saka kuverenga hakugone kushandiswazve.

Iyo molar mass yeacid yakakamurwa nenhamba yehydrogens iyo inogona kupatsanurwa kubva pairi yakaenzana nehuremu hwegiramu rimwe rakaenzana neakapihwa acid.

Rudzi rwechigaro rwakanyanya pakati pezvose zviripo ihydroxide, uye giramu rakaenzana rinotariswa nekuparadzanisa huwandu hwayo nemhamba yemapoka eOH mune hydroxide.

Huwandu hwezviitiko izvi hunoverengerwa nenzira yemafomula, iyo inobvumidza kudzikamisa iyo asidi yakapihwa kubva pachigadziko, ichiva ichi: Nku * Vkuti = Nb* Va, yekutanga kuve zvivakwa zveacid uye zvasara zvivakwa zvechigadziko.

Kuti uverenge kujairika kwesarudzo yeacid, mumwe anofanirwa kuenderera nenzira inotevera: zvakajairika = kuwanda.

Kukosha kweiyo acid-base reaction

Ivo vane kukosha kwakanyanya maererano nekwaniso yavo sehunyanzvi hwekuwongorora kuwanda kwemavhoriyamu, ane maitiro anoonekwa seasidhi-base titations.

Kuita maitiro aya mhinduro yechiratidzo inowanzo shandiswa, iyo inoshanda segwara rekuziva iyo neutralization poindi, uye kuti inokura sei, kunyangwe paine mamwe maitiro emagetsi ekuita mamwe mabasa.

Mhando nhatu dzekuita dzinogona kuratidzwa dzakakamurwa zvichibva pahunhu hweacid uye mabheseni, kunyanya pane izvo zvisina kusimba kana zvine simba, senge zvinotevera.

Kugadziriswa kweasidhi isina simba uye chigadziko

Mune izvi zvinogona kuonekwa kuti kate yegasi, uye anion yeasidhi inoiswa hydrolysis, saka PH yavo yakaenzana ne> 7 kana iyo asidi isina kusimba, uye kana chigadziko chisina kusimba chiri <7.

Reaction pakati pesimba rakasimba uye isina simba acid

Mune ino kesi, zvinogona kuonekwa kuti chete anion yeasidhi inowana hydrolysis, saka PH yayo inoramba iri pa <7.

Reaction pakati pesimba risina kusimba uye yakasimba asidi

Mune irwo rudzi rwekuita, zvinongotarisirwa kuti iyo base cation inopinda sei hydrolysis, saka iyo PH iri mairi inoramba iri> 7.

Kuti usarudze chinoratidza chakaringana pamhando yega yega yekuita, zvinodikanwa kuti uzive kuti iyo yekupedzisira PH ichave sei, kuitira kuti uverenge nenzira yakaenzana poindi.

Nhoroondo dudziro yeacid-base reaction

Paive nezvakawanda tsananguro dzeiyi maitiro ekuita pakati peacids uye mabhesheni, kukosha kweiyo imwe chete kunoratidzwa zvinoenderana nekwaniso yekuwongorora iyo imwe neimwe iine, uye nezvimwe kana ichishandiswa mukudzikisira kugadzikana nezvinhu zvine mvura kana gasi, kana kana mavara uye zvivakwa zveacid uye mabhesheni kazhinji zvisingawanzo kuoneka.

Tsanangudzo yaAntoine Lavoisier

Ruzivo rweLavoisier rwaingotenderwa kumaasidhi akasimba pakutanga, sezvo iwo ainyanya kunangana nemaacacacid ayo ane yakanyanya oxidation nyika mumaatomu avo epakati, ayo akamisikidzwa akakomberedzwa nemaatomu eoksijeni, zvisinei Akanga asina ruzivo rwakakwana rweasidhi acid, iye akakwanisa kumisikidza maacid nekuaona seye okisijeni zvemukati, nekuti izvi aifanirwa kushandisa chiGreek chekare kupa zita muvaki weacid

Iyi dzidziso kana dudziro yakaverengerwa seinonyanya kukosha kweanoshamisa makore makumi matatu, zvisinei muna 30 chinyorwa chakaburitswa icho chakaratidza kumwe kupesana nezvigadziko nenheyo, izvo zvakaita kuti tsananguro yaLavoisier itadze kutendeka.

Bronsted-Lowry tsanangudzo  

Iyi dudziro yakaumbwa yakazvimiririra muna 1923, ayo mabhesheni anogona kucherechedzwa mukuratidzira kwezvigadziko, kuburikidza neiyo deprotonation maitiro easidhi, iyo inogona kutsanangurwa kuti ive nekunzwisisa kukuru sekugona kweacids kugona kupa hydrogen cations kumabhesi, uyo enderera kubvuma maitiro aya.

Izvi zvine musiyano mukuru nedudziro yeArrhenius, nekuti haina kusangana mukuumbwa kwemvura nemunyu, asi pane iyo yezvigadziriswa acid uye mabhesheni, ayo anozadzikiswa nekuchinjisa kweproton inogona kugadzira asidhi kuendesa. kusvika panheyo.

Mune iyi dudziro, shanduko huru inogona kucherechedzwa nemazita ekuti acids nemabhesi zvinozivikanwa, nekuti asidi inozivikanwa sedunhu rine mukana wekupa proton, nepo mabheseni ari iwo ese zvinhu zvinogoneswa kugamuchira proton, semhedzisiro yeizvi, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti asidhi-base reaction ndiko kubviswa kwehydrogen cation kubva muacid, uye nekutadza kuwedzera kweizvi kumagadziko.

Maitiro aya anoda kureva kubviswa kweproton kubva panucleus yeatomu, maitiro aya haasi nyore kuwana, nekuti kupatsanurwa kuri nyore kwemaacids hakuna kukwana, asi kuti zvirinani kuenderera nekubvisa kwe cation hydrogen.

Tsanangudzo yaLewis

Iyi dudziro inosanganisira nheyo dzeiyo Bronsted-Lowry dzidziso pamwe nepfungwa yekuti izvi zvakarongedzwa kuitira solvent system, dzidziso iyi yakamisikidzwa muna 1923 na chemist Gilbert Lewis.

Lewis mune iyi dudziro anotsvaga hwaro, hwaakatumidza kuti "base base" uyo anokwanisa kupa maviri emagetsi nemaacids se "Lewis acid" achiva uyu mugamuchire wemhando iyi yemagetsi. Iyi dudziro yakatosiyana neiyo yakarongedzwa uye yakamisikidzwa pamusoro, nekuti hadzitaure kuti acids uye mabheseni anoyerwa nemaproton kana chimwe chinhu chakasungwa.

Izvi zvinofungidzirwa mune yake dzidziso yekuti anion yaive iyo acid, uye iyo cation yaive hwaro iyo isina-yakagovaniswa magetsi maviri, kana iyi dudziro ikashandiswa, iyo acid-base reaction inogona kunzwisiswa semupiro wakanangana wemagetsi maviri anouya kubva ku anion, uchiendesa iyo kune cation, inokwanisa kugadzira yakabatana covalent bond. Iko kusanganisa kunozivikanwa sekuumbwa kwechinhu chakakosha kwazvo pahupenyu, mvura.

Tsanangudzo ye Liebig

Izvi zvakataurwa muna 1828, makumi emakore mashoma akatevera Lavoisier, dzidziso iyi yaive yakavakirwa pabasa rake rakakura pamakemikari akaumbwa e organic acids. Pamberi peiyi dudziro paive nemusiyano wedzidziso uyo wakatanga naDavy, waingotarisa kupfuura chero chinhu pazvinhu zvine maacid zvinoenderana neoksijeni, uye maacid akavakirwa pahydrogen.

Sekureva kwaLiebig asidhi inogona kutsanangurwa sechinhu chine mukati mayo hydrogen, uye icho chinogona kutotsiviwa, kana kuchinjwa nesimbi. Iyi dzidziso kunyangwe ichivakirwa zvakanyanya panzira dzesimba, yakakwanisa kuve ichishanda kwemakumi mashanu emakore.

Tsanangudzo ya Arrhenius

Nyanzvi yemakemikari yekuSweden Svante Arrhenius akatsvaga kugadzirisa mazwi nemadudziro aive apihwa mhinduro yakaitika pakati peacids uye mabhesheni, ichitsvaga kurerutsa mazwi eichi.

Muna 1884 akaita basa rekubatana naFriedrich Wilhelm umo mavakakwanisa kumisikidza kuvepo kweion mumushonga une mvura, nekuda kwekukosha kweimwe basa Arrhenius akapiwa mukana wakazonaka wekugamuchira Mubairo weNobel mumakemikari mugore. 1903.

Tsananguro yechinyakare yeaqueous acid-base inogona kutsanangurwa seyakasiyana kuumbwa kwechinhu chinozivikanwa semvura kubva kuhydroxyl uye hydrogen ions, kana zvakare sekuumbwa kweizvi kubva mukuparadzaniswa kweacids uye chigadziko mune aqueous solution.

Tsanangudzo yaPearson (yakaoma-yakapfava)

Iyi dudziro yakatumirwa naRalph Pearson muna1963 kunyangwe yakagadziriswa zvakanyanya muna1984 nerutsigiro rwebasa raRobert Parr, ane zita rekuti reaction acid-base yakaoma-nyoro, zvipikisheni izvi zvinoshandiswa seizvi, Nyoro inoshandiswa kureva kune zvinonhuwira zvakakura, zvine zvakaderera  oxidation nyika, uye dzakasimbiswa kwazvo, Zvakaoma zvinoshandiswa kureva zvipuka zvidiki-diki, uye zvinozivikanwa nekuve neakanyanya oxidation nyika.

Iyi dudziro yakave yakakosha pamabatiro e organic uye inorganic chemistry, uye maitiro ayo makuru anoratidza kuti acids uye mabhesheni anogona kusangana pamwe chete, uye akajairika ndiwo maitiro emakomputa ane maitiro akafanana, senge semuenzaniso nyoro. -soft, kana yakaoma-yakaoma.

Iyi dzidziso inozivikanwa zvakare sedudziro yeABDB, iyo inobatsira kwazvo kufanofungidzira zvigadzirwa zvemasathesis maitiro. Nhasi zvave zvichiratidzwa kuti maitiro aya anogona kuratidza kunzwisisika uye kuita kwezvinhu zvinoputika.

Iyi dzidziso yakanangana nehunhu hwehunhu kupfuura hwakawanda, hunobatsira kunzwisisa nenzira iri nyore zvinhu zvakakura zvemakemikari uye maitiro.

Tsanangudzo yeUsanovich

Mikhail Usanovich, wemakemikari weRussia, akagadzirawo tsananguro yezvinoreva iyo acid-base reaction, uye zvinogona kunzi izvi ndizvo zvakajairika pane zvese, izvo zvakagadziriswa kuti acids ndiwo ese makemikari zvinhu anokwanisa gamuchira zvisizvo zvisikwa, kana izvo, zvikakundikana izvo, zvinopa dzakanaka mhando, iyo pfungwa yechigadziko chiri kupihwa naUsanovich, inopesana neiyo yeaacids.

Kuita kweacids uye mabhesheni anotsanangurwa neuyu wemakemikari weRussia anoenderana neimwe chemakemikari maitiro, anozivikanwa se "redox reaction" iyo inosanganisira oxidation-kudzikisira kuita, saka haina kufarirwa nemakemikari.

Mazhinji ezviitiko zvinotsanangurwa zvinoenderana nekuumbwa kwezvisungo uye kutyora, asi redox uye Usanovich zvakaiswa senge maitiro epanyama ekuchinjisa emagetsi, izvo zvinoita kuti mutsauko pakati pevaviri uyu unyatsopararira.

Tsanangudzo yeLux-Mafashama

Iyi dudziro inowanzo shandiswa mune yazvino geochemistry uye electrochemistry yesimbi yakanyungudutswa, iyo kutumirwa kwakaitwa muna 1939 nemumwe wemakemikari weGerman anozivikanwa saHermann Lux, uye akagadzirwazve kuwana kuzadzikiswa kukuru muna1947 naiye kemisiti Hakon Mafashama, nekuda kweichi chikonzero chinozivikanwa kuita uku nemazita maviri ezvakafanana.

Mune izvi tinogona kuona pfungwa dzakasarudzika dzeasidhi uye mabheseni, iwo hwaro uri mupi weaionide anion, nepo acids iri ivo vanogashira akati anion.

Tsanangudzo ye solvent system

Iyi dudziro yakakosha zvikuru kuziva maererano nenyaya iyi, sezvo vanoverengeka vemakemikari vakaita zvirevo zvavo mumakore apfuura dzimwe nguva vakataura pamusoro peiyo solvent system, iyo yakavakirwa mukuburitswa kwetsananguro yeArrhenius yakaburitswa pamusoro.

Kune imwe huwandu hwerudzi rwakanaka mune mazhinji eaya solvents, anozivikanwa sa solvonium cations, uye zvichikundikana izvo, iwo zvakare ane zvisizvo zvisirizvo senge solvonium anions, ayo ari muchimiro chekuenzana nemamorekuru asina kwazvakarerekera eiyo solvent.

Mune iyi dudziro, hwaro hunogona kutsanangurwa se solute inokonzeresa kuwanda kwevasungwa ve solvonium, nepo maasidhi ari iwo anokonzeresa kuderera kwesonvonium anions.

Iyi dudziro inoenderana nezvose zviri zviviri mukomboni uye solvent, saka zvichienderana nesarudzo yakasarudzwa, mukomboni unogona kuve nekwanisi yekushandura maitiro ayo.

Zvinonakidza kwazvo kuti akasiyana makemikari kubva kumatunhu akasiyana epasi, uye nguva dzakasiyana, mumwe nemumwe akataura uye akaronga tsananguro yakasiyana pachinyorwa chimwe chete, uyezve izvi zvakakosha zvakanyanya pakudzidza uye nhoroondo yemakemikari, nekuti kuisa pamwechete aya mazwi ese, zvave zvichikwanisika kuti uzive zvirinani zvese izvo zvinhu zvinofungidzirwa nezveacids uye mabhesheni uye maitiro avo asina kukwana.