IQ bvunzo - ndezvipi izvo, ndezvei uye zvinorongwa sei?

Ungwaru hunotsanangurwa sekukwanisa uko vanhu vanako dzidza, nzwisisa, kurangarira, kududzira; izvo zvinovatendera kuti vagadzire zano rechokwadi uye kukudziridza hunyanzvi hwekugadzirisa matambudziko akasiyana anomuka. Munyaya inotevera tinotsanangura nzira yekuyera masimba aya, uye zvakasiyana mhando dzehungwaru bvunzo izvo zviripo.

Chii chinonzi kuongorora kwehungwaru?

G. Kufinha kwakavatsanangudza sekungoita bvunzo chero ipi inogona kuyerwa nenjere. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti ine zvirevo zvakasiyana kubva pane dzidziso uye mashandiro ekuita, zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti kune inonzi Gardner dzidziso, iyo inoti pane nzira nomwe dzehungwaru: mitauro, inonzwisisika- masvomhu, nzvimbo, mimhanzi, kinesthetic yemuviril; uye maitiro maviri ehungwaru hwega (kushamwaridzana uye kushamwaridzanal). Matatu ekutanga anoyerwa kuburikidza nemiedzo yehungwaru.

Ndezvipi kuongororwa kwehungwaru?

Vanobvumidza kuona, kana kumisikidza yakakwira uye yakaderera masosi ekugona kwepfungwa muvanhu vacho; kuitira kuti uvandudze zvidzidzo mundima yekuziva uye hunhu hwavo. Izvi zvinonyanya kubatsira pakuona kuremara kwepfungwa muvana nevakuru, uyezve zvinobvumidza kuiswa kwavo muzvirongwa zvakakosha zvinoenderana nekwaniso yavo, izvo zvinobva zvabatsira kufambisa mberi.

Zvisinei, kuongororwa kwehungwaru Kuburikidza nemiedzo ivo havangotsvage chete kuona kunonoka kana kuomarara mamiriro epfungwa. Izvo zvinobatsirawo kwazvo kuziva zvipo zvine pfungwa uye nenzira imwecheteyo kuzviwana muminda umo mavanogona kushanda zvinogutsa; umo kusimudzira kwavo pamwe nekugadzira zvinokurudzirwa.

Kumwe kushandiswa kwekuyedza kwehungwaru ndekwekuti:

• Ivo vanoshandira kupihwa basa redzidzo uye rekudzidzisa kuraira uye kugadzirisa.
• Munzvimbo yedzidzo, bvunzo idzi dzinoshandiswa mukusarudza nekuisa vadzidzi mune mamwe masangano, kunyanya zvine chekuita nedzidzo yepamusoro.
• Munzvimbo yebasa, ivo vanoisirwawo kuongororwa kwehurema hune chekuita nebasa, chaizvo nekuda kwekuda kweinishuwarenzi.
• Mukusarudzwa kwevashandi kwakakodzera kune mamwe mabasa mune akasiyana bhizinesi, maindasitiri kana masangano ehurumende.
• Mumunda wezvepfungwa, bvunzo dzehungwaru dzinotendera iyo psychodiagnosis yemwana nevakuru varwere munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemakiriniki.
• Uye zvakare, ivo vanotendera kuongorora kushanda kweakasiyana marapirwo epfungwa anoshandiswa kune varwere vane zvimwe zvinetswa.

Mhando dzekuyedzwa kwehungwaru

Yese bvunzo iyi ine chinangwa chakajairika, chinova chiyero chehungwaru. Nekudaro, pachave nemisiyano pakati peimwe neumwe zvinoenderana nemaitiro anoshandiswa, uye izvi ndizvo zvinotungamira mukuda kwekusarudzwa kwavo. Nzira yakajairika yekumisikidza iyi bvunzo zvinoenderana nehuwandu hwevanhu hwavanoshandiswa. Nenzira iyi, isu tine maviri akakosha mhando dzehungwaru bvunzo: munhu uye seboka kana bokakana; kubva uko kwakayedzwa kwakasiyana-siyana kwakaitwa nenyanzvi munhoroondo yese. Tsananguro yakajeka yadzo yakapihwa pazasi.

Yeumwe neumwe ungwaru bvunzo

Kuongororwa kweumwe neumwe kwehungwaru ndidzo dzakanangana nekuongororwa kwehumwe hunyanzvi mune mumwe munhu panguva. Nekuda kweizvi, zvinogona kunge zviri kuburikidza navo kuti kunyatsoita ongororo yemunhu iyeye kunogona kuwanikwa. Izvi imhaka yekuti muongorori anozove anodisisa kucherechedza mamwe maitiro se kushushikana, kukanganisa, kushungurudzika, uye zano rekugadzirisa matambudziko, uye iwe uchave unokwanisa kutora matanho ekumukurudzira zvinobudirira.

Pakati pehunhu hukuru hwemhando idzi dzeyedzo dzehungwaru ndedzinotevera:

• Ivo vane tarisiro yepasirese, sezvavanotsvaga kuongorora kugona kwekuziva nenzira yakajairika.
• Zvichienzaniswa nemiedzo yeboka, mune imwe bvunzo, vaongorori vanogona kubhadhara zvakanyanya kune vanoongorora kuitira kuti vawane zvimwe zvakavimbika mhedzisiro.
• Ivo anoshandiswa mumakiriniki, zvipatara uye nzvimbo uko kunoongororwa kiriniki.

Kwechikamu chikuru, bvunzo dzehungwaru dzakashandiswa kuongorora kugona kwehunyanzvi muvana nevakuru pasi pemamiriro akasiyana dzakatorwa mumabasa aLee Terman naDavid Wechsler. Nekudaro, kune kumwe kuyedzwa kwega kwega kwakagadzirirwa kuongororwa kwepfungwa kwevana nevakuru vane matambudziko emitauro kana epanyama; izvi zvakare zvinoenderana nemabasa aTerman naWechsler, asi iwo akasiyana neakatanga.

Zvisinei, the Stanford-Binet Njere Scale Iyo ndiyo yakashanda kwenguva yakareba seyero yekuyera huchenjeri hwemunhu muvana. Terman naWechsler vakashanda pane akati wandei kugadzirisa ichi chiyero. Mhedzisiro yeshanduko yega yega yakatsanangurwa pazasi:

1. 1916 chiyero: Chakanga chiri chiyero umo iwo ma-sub-bvunzo akarongedzwa zvinoenderana nezviitiko zvenguva zvevanhu vayakashandiswa. Kugona kwemwana kwakaongororwa kubva pamakore maviri kusvika pakukura. Zera repfungwa uye nehungwaru quotient zvaizoenderana nezvinobviswa pamatanho ezera akateedzana.
2. 1937 chiyero: Panyaya iyi, muongorori akaongorora zera repashure remwana, kozoti zera repamusoro uye pakupedzisira akaverenga zera repfungwa uye coefficient yehungwaru maererano nemirau yechiyero cha1916. Iyi ndiyo yechipiri chikamu cheStanford scale. -Binet, uye akave nekuvandudzwa mune yake standardization, uye nemuganhu wakadzika uye wepamusoro muganho wakakwirira kupfuura wepakutanga.
3. 1960 chiyero: Semuma editions apfuura, yaitsvaga kuyera huchenjeri hwemunhu kubva pamakore maviri kusvika vasvika zera. Imwe subtest subtest yakaunzwa kuti ishandise seyero kana imwe yakaiswa zvisizvo, kana isina kuiswa.
4. Yechina edition yeiyo Standford Binet chiyero: Ichi chiyero chinosimudzira chakasanganisira zvakanyanya kuomarara maitiro pane apfuura. Kushanda kwaro kunoitirwa kuti uongorore hurema hwekudzidza, zviitiko zvekudzikira kwepfungwa, kana vanhu vane zvipo. Isati yaitwa, iyo Nzira Yekuedza, kuona danho rinotangira mimwe bvunzo. Inoita angangoita maminetsi makumi manomwe neshanu, asi izvi zvichasiyana zvichienderana nezera remuongorori.

1. Wechsler bvunzo: Iyo Stanford-Binet bvunzo yaisanganisira maitiro anoshanda kune vanhu vakuru, zvisinei, zvaive zvakafanira kugadzira mhando dzakasiyana dzeumwe neumwe bvunzo dzehungwaru kuvanhu vakuru vanhu. David Wechsler akatora basa iri, achiburitsa yekutanga yemiyedzo iyi muna 1939. Zvisinei, mamwe emabasa ake anotsanangurwa pazasi:

• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: Inosanganisira zvishanu mashandiro ekuita uye zvitanhatu zvekutaura, izvo zvinoda maminetsi makumi manomwe nemashanu Misoro inotevera inoyedzwa apa: ruzivo, kupedzisa mifananidzo, kurongedza mifananidzo, dhizaini dhizaini, arithmetic, musangano wechinhu, kunzwisisa, zviratidzo zvemadhijiti, uye zvakafanana. Kumisikidza kwayo kunovhara huwandu hwevanhu vane makore ari pakati 16 uye 74 makore.
• WAIS III: Ruzivo, mazwi uye nzwisiso zvinyorwa zvinofungidzirwa pano. Kumisikidza kwayo kunosanganisira vakuru pakati 16 uye 84 makore yekare. Hukama pakati pehunyanzvi hwekugona uye ndangariro yemunhu wega wega inoongororwa.
• Wechsler Intelligence Scale yeVana, Yechitatu Edition: Uyu ndiwo muedzo wakagadzirirwa vana vari pakati pemazera e 6 uye 16 makore yekare. Inosanganisira zvinotevera mazwi ekunyengedza: ruzivo, kufanana, svomhu, mazwi, kunzwisisa uye nhambo yenhamba. Zvakare sub-bvunzo dzekuuraya: kupedzisa madhirowa nemifananidzo, kukodha, kurongeka kwemadhirowa, dhizaini yemacube, gungano rezvinhu, tsvaga zviratidzo uye mazamu, kunyangwe maviri ekupedzisira ari anowirirana.

Kune mamwewo akawanda marudzi ehumwe bvunzo dzehungwaru kunze kweavo vanoiswa pachiyero cheStanford-Binet uye bvunzo dzeWechsler. Pakati pavo tinogona kutaura:

• Misiyano yekugona masikero.
• Detroit Muedzo weKudzidza Unyanzvi.
• Kaufman's ungwaru bvunzo.
• Woodcock-Johnson III bvunzo dzekuziva kugona.
• Das-Naglieri kugona kuongorora maitiro.
• Mitauro isiri yemazwi kune vakaremara.

Yekubatanidza kana yeboka ungwaru bvunzo

Muzhinji, pamwe chete bvunzo dzehungwaru dzino tarisa pakufungidzira kana kuona iko kuita kwehunyanzvi kana kushanda kweimwe boka revanhu. Pakati peakanyanya kusarudzika maitiro eakaunganidzwa enjere bvunzo isu atinogona kutaura:

• Kupesana nezvinotendwa, bvunzo dzehungwaru dzinoshandiswa mumapoka dzinogona kuburitsa mhedzisiro yakavimbika kupfuura vamwe vanhu mune mamwe mamiriro.
• Dzimwe nguva dzinodhura pane imwe bvunzo.
• Iyo inoshandiswa mukusarudzwa muminda yekudzidzisa neyevashandi.

Zvekuunganidzwa kwehungwaru kuongororwa kunogona kuiswa kumapoka akakura evakuru, kana vashoma vevana vadiki, vane zera riri pakati pemakore mashanu neatanhatu ekuberekwa. Panguva yekushandisirwa kwekupedzisira, zvinodikanwa kuti kuve nevanhu vanoona kuti avo vanoongorora vanonyatsonzwisisa mirairo nematanho ebvunzo, senge iwo anotanga nekuguma panguva yakatarwa, semuenzaniso.

Mhando ye Inteligence bvunzo Kubatanidzwa kunogona kungoita seti yemibvunzo-yakawanda-sarudzo yakarongedzwa mumhepo-bhazi modhi, mune izvo zvinhu zvakaenzana zvakaomarara zvakarongedzwa pamwechete, uye izvo zvekutambudzika kwakasiyana zvinorairwa mukuwedzera kurongeka. Imwe mhando inogona kunge iri kuita kweesub-bvunzo panguva dzakasiyana.

Iyi bvunzo dzekubatana dzakatanga kubva mukutora chikamu kwemudzidzi anozivikanwa saArthur Otis mune imwe kosi pa Standford-Bine Njere Scaleyakarairwa naLewis Ternan iye. Otis akakurudzira kuchinjisa akasiyana mabasa kuStandford-Binet bvunzo mupenzura nebepa, uko nekufamba kwenguva mamwe mabasa evanyori akawedzerwa uye akaumba iyo yainzi Army Alpha Test. Yekupedzisira yaive bvunzo yemitauro isiri yemitauro yakaitwa kusarudzwa kwemauto nenzvimbo dzawo.

Nekudaro, kune mamwe marudzi eboka rekuyera bvunzo, pakati payo ayo akatanhamara ndeaya:

• Zvekuziva hunyanzvi bvunzo: Ndicho chikamu chechishanu cheCognitive Skills Test uye chinotsvaga kuyera kugona kwevana kugadzirisa matambudziko akasiyana, kuburikidza nemazwi, huwandu uye zviratidzo zvepakati. Uye chaizvo ndezveichi chikonzero kuti inogara kwemaminetsi makumi matatu, uye yega yega nhanho dzayo inoumbwa neVerbal Battery, a Quantitative Battery uye Non-Verbal Battery, ayo anozopatsanurwa.
• Otis-Lennon Muedzo weChikoro Kugona: Inoiswa kuyera kufunga kwepikicha, kufunga kwechimiro, kunzwisisa kwemazwi, kufunga kwemazwi, uye kufunga kwakaringana muvana kubva kukireshi kusvika kugiredhi rechi12. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvikamu zveOtis Self-Administered Mental Ability Test, inozivikanwa nechidimbu OLSAT; uye iyo Otis Inokurumidza Score Kwepfungwa Kugona Kwekuedza uye iyo Otis-Lennon Mental Kugona Kwesimba.
• Wonderlic Vashandi Muedzo: Icho chipfupi chehungwaru bvunzo iyo mibvunzo yayo yakavakirwa pane tsananguro, hukama hwepakati uye kuitiswa kwekufunga kunonzwisisika uye kweasvomhu, pamwe nekushandiswa kwemaanalogies. Iyo yakavakirwa paiyo Otis Kuzvimiririra-Yekuyedza Bvunzo yeMental Kugona.

Sezvauri kuona, kukura kwechiyero chehungwaru hwevanhu chakafara, uye zvinoenderana nezvinhu zvakaita sehuwandu hwevanhu vari kudzidza nezera ravo. Kubva pane izvi nezvimwe zvinhu zvinotsanangurwa muchinyorwa chino, nzira inokodzera munhu kana boka revanhu ichasarudzwa.

Isu tinovimba kuti ichi chinyorwa nezve bvunzo dzehungwaru chakabatsira zvakanyanya. Kana iwe uchifarira kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro penyaya yekufunga, ungwaru uye neakasiyana ekugona kugona kunopihwa nehuropi hwevanhu, tinokukoka kuti uongorore zvimwe zvinyorwa zviri papeji rino.