Philosophical currents idzo dzakatangira pamusoro pemakore munhoroondo yefilosofi. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti izvi zvinotonga zviito kana 'mararamiro' emunhu, mune dzimwe nguva kushandiswa kweumwe kunozotenderera patsika yaanoshanda iye munhu.
Imwe neimwe ine nguva yayo yekumavirira, pamwe nemunyori uyo akapa fungidziro uye kuratidza kune iyo pfungwa, ichi chiri kiyi mune kuumbwa kwemvura. Kunyangwe vangave vari huwandu hwakawanda uye parizvino vane dudziro dzakasiyana siyana, kune vamwe vari kupayona uye vanomira, zvese kune zvavanoreva uye kune avo nyanzvi yekugadzira.
Chimwe chokwadi chinokatyamadza uye chakakosha kusimbisa ndechekuti kazhinji mafirosofi mafashama akaitika mumapoka evafungi avo vakadaidzwawo "chikoro chefilosofi", izvi nekuda kwekuda kwekuungana pamwechete kuti vagovane zvakafanana maficha uye zviwirirane munzira yekufunga uye nokudaro inozivikanwa pasi pezita kana chitaridzi izvo zvinovamiririra.
Semuenzaniso, mune mafirosofi kufamba Kubva 'pamuenzaniso', uyo wakaitika muzana ramakore gumi nemasere uye hwaive hwakavakirwa pasimba rekufunga, mafirosofi echirangaridzo akaumbwa naRené Descartes akatanga uye airatidzwa nekuramba zvese zvine chekuita nepfungwa, tichivatenda kuzviisa pasi nekutsausa; Kumisikidza pamusoro pavo chikonzero seyosi yekuziva sainzi chaiyo.
Ehezve kune mafungu anofumura zvachose zvinopesana neyaimbove pachena. Chimwe chezvikoro zvakatanhamara zvekufunga ndeye anarchism, iyo zvinoenderana nevanyori haina kutanga chete mukati mehurongwa hwepfungwa dzeChiedza asiwo neFrench Revolution. Kutonga uku kwakavakirwa pasangano rezvemagariro akasununguka uye kwete pachikamu cheHurumende sezvo vasingatende musimba nekutonga kwemumwe murume pamusoro pemumwe murume; kuva akatendekawo vanotenda mukufunga kwevanhu uye mafambiro ainoita kufambira mberi kwako.
Gare gare, mamwe mafirosofi mafashamu nevamwe vavo akatanga kuumbwa, ndiko kuti, imwe pfungwa yaizoramba, ichibvumira zvitendero nemibvunzo yevanofunga kuti zvionekwe. Mushure mekufamba kwekujekeserwa kwakamuka boka re 'positivism' rakatora gore, kubva muzana ramakore rechi19 kusvika ramakore rechimakumi maviri uye richinyatso kufumura kuti mweya wemunhu wanga watodarika matunhu matatu aisanganisira mamiriro ezvechitendero, echimiro uye akanaka. Ndokureva, kuramba kwechikamu chikuru chemweya, ivo vaipesana nepfungwa, vachipokana navo nezvechokwadi, vachiisa pamusoro pezvese zvekuyedza pachinzvimbo chekufunga.
Uku kungo wongororo diki uye pfungwa yekuisa muchirevo nezve izvo zviripo uye nzira yavakaitika, zvisinei, ivo vari zvakanyanya kupfuura izvozvo.
Iwo akatanhamara ehunyanzvi mafirosofi
Empiricism
Iyi yazvino yakamuka munguva yemazuva ano uye iri dzidziso yeruzivo, mune izvo zvinotaurwa kuti kudzidza kwese kunoitika kubva pane zvakaitika, zvichipa kucherechedzwa kwekunzwa kwekufunga mukugadzirwa kwemazano. Mutsigiri wake ainyanya kukosha aive David Hume.
Zvakakosha kuwedzera kuti izwi rakadai rinobva muchiGiriki ????? (verbatim, ruzivo) uye dudziro yechiLatin ndiyo ruzivo, yakabva mushoko chiitiko.
Chimwe chezvakabva kwaro izwi rechiGiriki nerechiRoma empirical, iro rinoreva vanachiremba vanowana hunyanzvi hwavo kubva pane zvinoitika kwete chete nemurairidzo mune dzidziso.
Rationalism
Inotsvaga kusimbisa izvozvo pfungwa dzevanhu dzatove neruzivo rwekare kana zviga pasina hazvo kuva neruzivo. Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa zvakaziviswa naRené Descartes, muE Continental Europe.
Pfungwa
Seizvo zita rayo rinoratidzira, ndeimwe yemafilosofi mafashama ayo akavakirwa pakuzviisa pasi uye kumiririra, kuramba kana kuramba kuvapo kwezvose zvine chekuita nenyika yekunze. Kuti zviite kuti zvinzwisisike, ino yazvino inodzivirira kuti chimwe chinhu hachigone kuvapo kana pasina anofunga achizviziva. Nenzira imwecheteyo, kuti tizive kana kudzidza nezvazvo, isu tinofanirwa kunyanya kufunga nezve kuziva, mazano uye pfungwa.
Dzidziso yakadaro ine misiyano, senge chinangwa uye chirevo chechimiro. Yekutanga inotaura kuti mazano aripo pachawo uye kuti vanozozivikanwa kana kudzidza kuburikidza neruzivo. Pakati pevamiririri vane mukurumbira wekufunga uku vari Leibniz, Hegel, Bernard Bolzano, Dilthey.
Mukupesana, kune kuzviisa pasi, vanofunga vanotenda izvozvo mazano aripo mupfungwa dzemunhu uye kuti hakuna nyika yekunze inoshanda yega. Vadziviriri veiyi hypothesis vaive maDescartes, Berkeley, Kant, Fichte, Mach, Cassirer naCollwood. Mune izvi zvakanyanyisa munhu anogona zvakare kuwana iyo radical vhezheni iyo inoti "zvinhu hazviwanikwe zvega asi zvinhu chete zviripo kwatiri" uye vhezheni ine mwero iyo "inosimbisa kuti zvinhu ivara regirazi ravakatariswa naro."
Positivism
Sezvakakurukurwa pamusoro, inonyanya kuitirwa ramba kana kuramba munhu, kuti izvi zvine misimboti kana pfungwa chaiyo yemasikirwo. Kuva mutendi mune chinangwa sainzi uye nemitemo yekutsvaga.
Yakasimuka muFrance muzana ramakore rechi19 naSaint-Simon, Auguste Comte, na de John Stuart Mill; yakabva yapararira muEurope yose. Zvisinei, zvinonzi mutangiri wayo wekutanga pakati pezana ramakore rechi 16 nerechi 17 aive Francis Bacon.
ChiStoiki
Yanyanya kutarisisa kune kwese uye kwetsika; ino yazvino inoparidza iyo kukosha kwenzvimbo uye kutonga kwechokwadi, zvishuwo, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu zvinowanzo kukanganisa kuvapo kwechinyorwa, kuti ushandise zvese kushinga uye chikonzero chehunhu hwemunhu.
Icho ndechimwe chekare uye chakatanga kubva muzana ramakore rechitatu BC. Kusvikira pakupera kwezana ramakore rechipiri AD. C. Uye nhanho yaro yakakosha zvikuru yaive panguva yechiGiriki. Muvambi wechiStoicism aive Zeno weCitio uye pakati pevatsigiri vake vanozivikanwa vari Cicero, Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius, Seneca, Wechitanhatu Empirical.
Kurongeka
Kunyangwe izwi rayo riri pachena risingataure kuti ndeimwe yemafirosofi mafashama akadaro, zvinoenderana nekufungidzira inogona kuvezwa iyo yainoita uye zvinoenderana nekuti inofanirwa kupfuura zvinoitika zvine simba, iri mhando yenzira ongorora mutauro, tsika nemagariro.
Iye akatanga uye mumiriri akakosha wedzidziso iyi aive Claude Lévi-Strauss mumakore makumi mana.
Phenomenology
Rukova urwu dzidza zvese zvinoitika munyika -Descriptively- kubva kune chimwe chiitiko kana boka reizvi zvakaitika. Zvinonzi izvi zvinobva mukubatana pakati pehumambo uye fungidziro. Vamiririri vayo vakakodzera vaive Husserl, Merleau-Ponty, Sartre, Heidegger.
Kunyanya kuda pfuma
Iyi ndiyo firosofi yazvino, sekuratidzwa kwezita rayo, inosimbisa kuti zvese zvinhu, kuramba izvo zvemweya zvakaita semweya, ramangwana uye kuvapo kwaMwari. Pfungwa dzinonzwisisika ndedzechokwadi nekuti zvakare zvinhu. Sekureva kwevaongorori, zvinogona kucherechedzwa sekupesana nepfungwa.
Epicurus naMarx ndevamwe vevatsigiri venhasi.
Zviripo
Zvakasiyana nezvimwe zvakamiririrwa sehunyanzvi hwezvinhu, izvi zvine chekuita nemunhu sekudaro, zvichimufumura semunhu wekuzvigadzira akasununguka anongowanikwa muChadenga pasina kuvapo kwaMwari. Ino yazvino yakavakirwa pane iyo kuongororwa kwehutano hwemunhu, rusununguko, manzwiro uye zvinoreva hupenyu mune zvese.
Panguva ino zvakakosha kusimbisa kuti haisi dzidziso yefilosofi yakarongedzwa kana kuwiriraniswa, pachokwadi, zvinonzi vatsigiri vayo havabvumirane zvizere neyakajairika uzivi.
Kwemakore anga achinyatsosiyana uye nhasi kune matatu mavhezheni anosanganisira echiKristu kuvapo, agnostic existentialism uye atheist existentialism. Mapiyona acho aive Pascal, Kierkegaard, Sartre, Camus, Heidegger.
Kusava nechokwadi
Kunyanya inotarisa kana yakavakirwa pakubvunzwa kwezvinhu, kusagadzikana kusahadzika kunoramba kusimbiswa kwezvinhu kana kuvapo kweizvi, kunze kwekunge zvichiratidzwa nehumboo husingarambiki.
Diogenes Laercio, Hume kana Berkeley ndivo vaive vamiriri vakakosha vechirango ichi.
Kutsoropodza
Ikozvino yakavambwa muGirisi yekare, panguva yeXNUMXth century BC. C. izvo zvaive zvinoenderana nezviito zvekuramba yaive magungano akagamuchirwa mumagariro nehunhu. Hupenyu hwekufungidzira hwakavakirwa pakutenda kuti mufaro wakawanikwa nekurarama zvakapfava uye zvizere, maererano nemasikirwo.
Kuti vataure pane zvavakafumura kana kuramba chimwe chinhu chavasina kubvumirana nacho, vaishandisa zviwanikwa zvekunyepedzera, kusagadzikana uye nemasaini. Iyo yakavambwa naAntisthenes uye mumwe wevadzidzi vake akakosha aive Diogenes weSinope.
Kudanana
Iyo haifanire kuvhiringidzwa neiyo art kufamba. Mukuranga uku kwehupenyu, zvaitendwa musimba rinokwanisa kuziva izere, mhedziso. Iyo inoratidzirwa nekuwedzeredza kwekunzwa kwechisikigo, kuchitsanangura sechirevo chechokwadi chekuziva kwevanhu.
Chinangwa chayo ndechekusimbisa iyo manzwiro, rusununguko uye mamwe mazwi ane chekuita nemasikirwo nemunhu nehuMwari. Vatsigiri vakuru vaive Hegel, Schelling naFichte.
Imbwa
Kupikiswa kwekusahadzika uye fungidziro inofungidzirwa, zvichibva pasimba rinofungidzirwa rechinhu ichi maererano nechinhu. Inosimbisa kuti pfungwa dzevanhu dzinokwanisa kuziva chokwadi. Mumwe wevamiririri vakakurumbira venzvimbo ino aive Spinoza.
Kutsoropodza
Izvo zvinoenderana nechikumbiro chekuti chinokwanisa kumisikidza miganho yeruzivo rwakakwana kuburikidza nekuferefetwa kwakarongeka kwemamiriro ezvinhu emikana yekufunga. Iyi dzidziso yeepistemological yakatsanangurwa naEmmanuel Kant.
Mhepo dzehunyanzvi hwezvematongerwo enyika
Chibvumirano
Inozivikanwa seimwe yemazuva ano ezvematongerwo enyika mafirosofi uye inoenderana nekuti vanhu vanofanirwa kuramba dzidziso yekuti Hurumende nenzanga chinhu chechisikigo. Kutsvaga kuti pane chibvumirano chakasimbiswa pakati peavo vanotanga kuita chikamu chechaunga nyowani uye neimwe nzira vowana mubatanidzwa nerusununguko uye kuenzana. Mitsara yaro mikuru yaive Rousseau, Kant, Hobbes, Spinoza naLocke.
Utilitarianism
Imwe yemafirosofi mafashama anofumura izvo, izvo zvakanaka uye zvinogamuchirwa mutsika kune vese munhu uye nzanga, zvinobatsira. Pamusoro pekuve hwaro hwezvakanaka, mufaro unofungidzirwawo nakwo.
Kunyangwe hwaro hwacho hunonzi hwakaitwa naProtagoras de Abdera, vanyaradzi vakuru vaive J. Bentham naJS Mill, vaitenda kuti zvinoshandiswa zvinounza zvakanakira, mufaro uye kumwe mufaro, izvo zvinoderedza mukana wekutambura kana kudzikisa kurwadziwa, kutambura nekukuvara.
Communism
Iyi fomu yehurumende inotenda mune yemagariro musangano pasina kuvapo kwezvakavanzika zvivakwa, kirasi misiyano, pakati pezvimwe dzidziso zvinodzivirira kuenzana pakati pevose. Kuedza kuwana kusunungurwa kwemunhu.
Pakati pevamiriri vanonyanya kukosha ndiPlato, Marx, Engels naFourier.
Zvemagariro
Izvo zvinoenderana nenyaya yekuti zvese zvivakwa uye manejimendi enzira dzekugadzira zviri mumaoko evashandi vari nechinangwa chekuzadzisa sangano munharaunda rinosimudzira kuenzana kwezvematongerwo enyika, magariro uye hupfumi. Marx naProudhon ndivo vaive vakakosha zvakanyanya.
Liberalism
Imwe yezvematongerwo enyika mafirosofi mafambiro anosimbisa kuti Hurumende inofanirwa kubvisa zvakanakira musika, nepo vezvematongerwo enyika vachifanira kudzika mutemo werusununguko, vachiita kuti Hurumende ichengetedze rusununguko rwemunhu, nekuti ndizvo zvazviri.
Kukonzera kupindira kushoma kweHurumende mune zvemagariro nehupfumi nyaya dzevanhu. Locke's Rawls neMontesquieu vaive vamiriri vakakurumbira.
Libertarianism
Iyi yazvino yakanyanyisa uye inofumura kuti munhu wega wega ane kodzero kwaari, saka hapafanire kuve neHurumende kana kuti inofanira kubviswa. Nozick ndemumwe wemapiyona akasimbiswa.
Mamwe akakodzera mafirosofi mafungu
Pakati pavo mashups anomira; Dzidziso dzaPlato dzaive vateveri vaPlato; chikoro chechipupuriro chaive vatsigiri vaAristotle nevadzidzi vaEpicurus vanozivikanwa pasi peEpikuro.
Chikoro cheMileto, chakavambwa muzana ramakore rechitanhatu BC. C., nhengo dzayo dzaive Tales, Anaximander uye Anaximenes. Chikoro cheEleatic icho chaive pre-Socrate chikoro chakakosha kwazvo muXNUMXth uye XNUMXth century BC. Nhengo dzayo dzinonyanya kukosha dzaive Parmenides yeErea uye Zenón de Elea.
VaPythagoreans, vanovakira kuti musimboti wezvinhu zvese manhamba. Zvimwewo zvisina kukosha ndizvo mega chikoro, yakavambwa naEuclides mutaundi rekwake reMegara; chikoro cheCyrenaica, chakavambwa naAristipo de Cirene uye chakanangana nenyaya dzetsika; uye chikoro cheNeoplatonic, chakagadzirwa naAmmonio Saccas. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti Musande Augustine weHippo akanyora zvinyorwa zveNeoplatonic kune mazano echiKristu.
Neoplatonism, hunhu, postmodernism uye dhizaini parizvino zvakanyoreswa.